Relationship between Sex Ratio at Age 0 to 4 and Geographical Environment in China

The Relationship between sex ratio at age 0 to 4 and altitude in China is quantitatively investigated by using Geographical Information System(GIS)technology in this paper.The results show that the counties with high sex ratio at age 0 to 4 in 1990 and 2000 are mainly distributed on the east of the well-known Chinese population division,Anhui-Tengchong line,and there is high negative correlation between sex ratio at age 0 to 4 and altitude in Chinese counties. There are highest sex ratio at age 0 to 4 in the regions under 100 meters,but this ratio over 3200 meters falls into the normal range.And the sex ratio at age 0 to 4 continues to fall down when the altitude rises. So the geographical environment evidently affects the sex ratio at birth.There is higher sex ratio at birth in lower-altitude regions.The effect with altitude may be associated with the ambient tempeture.     

How planning and capital budgeting improve SME performance

This paper focuses on the use of strategic planning among small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UK manufacturing sector. It analyses the relationship between the intensity of strategic planning, business objectives, perceived performance, changes in the business environment and the use of capital budgeting techniques. Capital budgeting is of particular interest as an area of investigation, and is one which has seldom featured in previous studies of strategic planning behaviour. These issues were investigated via a survey of UK manufacturing SMEs carried out in the winter of 1996/97.

The key results suggest that SMEs incorporate a range of objectives into their strategic planning process, with profit improvement perceived to be the most important objective, followed by sales growth. SMEs engaged in detailed strategic planning are more likely to use formal capital budgeting techniques, including the net present value method, which is consistent with maximising the companys' value. Perceived profitability and success in achieving organisational objectives were positively associated with planning detail, suggesting that strategic planning is a key component improving performance. Planning detail was also associated with a significantly higher level of perceived change in the business environment.     

人口内部均衡发展研究——以西部地区为例

本文从量与质两个方面对人口内部均衡发展概念进行界定——在人口发展过程中,人口内部影响因素在发展数量、质量等方面逐步实现均等或协调,而这种均衡是暂时的、相对的,且不断的由低级均衡向高级均衡发展演替。在此基础上从人口发展、人口内部均衡度、人口内部均衡发展梯度、人口内部均衡可持续发展度四个视角构建人口内部均衡发展评价模型,并对西部地区进行实证分析。主要结论:(1)2000~2007年间,西部人口发展、人口内部均衡度及人口内部均衡可持续发展度呈增长态势,其增速高于同期全国水平,且西部各省间发展差距较大;(2)西部地区人口发展水平较低,位于0.48~0.59之间,属由启蒙后期进入过渡前期阶段;(3)西部人口内部均衡度低,位于0.35~0.42之间,属由轻度失调进入濒临失调阶段;(4)西部人口内部均衡可持续发展度较低,位于0.455~0.544之间,属过渡阶段。     

Improving Equity and Sustainability of Social Protection System in China

The segmentation of the social protection system in China makes the system inequitable and inefficient.Employees in the public sector, particularly civil servants, are overprotected,while employees in the nonpublic sector,especially farmers and rural migrant workers,are underprotected. Segmented pension insurance system impedes labor mobility and increases administrative costs.The polices,such as implementation of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,New Rural Old-age Insurance Scheme, as well as the polices to promote migrant workers to participate in social insurance programs for urban employees,help improve the equity of social protection. However,the competition between different local governments on increase in welfare and overburden of the local finance due to escalating social expenditures have affected the sustainability of social protection programs.The following measures need to be taken to solve such problems. First is to avoid using social insurance coverage as an indicator to evaluate the performance of government officials. Second,on the one hand, the social spending responsibilities of the central government need to increase,and on the other hand,public transfers to less development regions need to augment for enhancing social assistance and merit goods provision.Third is to reduce and remove the segmentation of social protection system through integrating or combining various segments under the same insurance program.     

引起中国出生性别比偏高的三要素

从“人群、技术和管理系统”三个要素分析造成中国出生性别比升高的原因 ,在出生性别比异常偏高的地方 ,首先 ,有一定规模的男孩偏好的人群 ;其次 ,有可以获得的性别选择信息和技术服务 ;同时 ,存在着对性别选择行为疏于管理的系统。这三要素是在中国社会经济、文化习俗和生育政策的大环境下发挥着作用 ,因此 ,出生性别比偏高的治理工作必须从这三要素入手 ,同时必须努力创造有利于出生性别比治理工作的社会、经济、文化和政策环境。     

农村家庭结构变动及类型识别问题——以冀东村庄为分析基础

土改前私有土地制度下,核心家庭是最大的家庭类型,但它并非居于主导地位;直系家庭虽居第二位,其所容纳的人口却处首位;复合家庭位居第三,约有1/4的村民生活在这类家庭中。集体经济制度对家庭结构的影响主要表现为,父家长失去了对土地等基本生产资料的控制权,进而缺少了对已婚儿子分家要求的抑制能力。复合家庭渐趋式微乃至消失;家庭核心化在20世纪60年代末、70年代初即已实现。调查村庄劳动力近距离的非农择业活动并未使其中多数人离开家庭,农民就业方式的非农转换并未对家庭结构产生大的影响。目前65岁以上多子父母被轮养具有一定普遍性。轮养父母周期性地依附于某个子女生活,与该子女组成间歇式直系家庭,在子女之间则形成轮转式直系家庭。将这一类型单列使轮养直系家庭的特殊性得以体现。     

Separating research from development: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry

From an organisational point of view, corporate research and development (R&D) has always been viewed as one function. That view, however, has undergone some changes in the last few years, and many major corporations have changed their R&D organisation or re-thought their overall structure on the basis of their technical competencies.With the example of the pharmaceutical industry, in which R&D has a particularly strong role to play, Vittorio Chiesa reports on a survey of nine major pharmaceutical firms which have recently instigated such changes. Among the changes are a separation of the ‘research’ and ‘development’ activities organisationally and sometimes physically. The author puts forward explanations for this trend and weighs the advantages and disadvantages.     

真实队列年龄别生育率估算方法与应用研究

本文以时期育龄妇女年龄别生育率为基础,提出真实队列年龄别生育率估算方法,并通过1950～1981年全国妇女分孩次年龄别生育率数据验证其可行性和可靠性。在实际应用中,可用该估算方法研究递进生育模式及其相关问题,尤其是在调整生育政策的时间窗口,估算生育一孩的育龄妇女规模和结构,以及符合生育政策但尚未生育二孩的育龄妇女规模和结构,为政府制定生育政策和人口规划提供决策依据。