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Population and Deforestation in Costa Rica 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
This paper addresses a central debate in research and policy on population and environment, namely the extent to which rapid population growth is associated with the massive deforestation currently underway in the tropics. We utilize the experience of Costa Rica during the last forty years to illustrate what the main issues are, discuss the history of deforestation in that country, and present results from conventional regression methods and from the application of spatial analyses. These analyses enable us to estimate the magnitude of the relation between population and deforestation and to identify the factors that are responsible for the linkage between them. 相似文献
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Rosero-Bixby L 《Demography》2008,45(3):673-691
Robust data from a voter registry show that Costa Rican nonagenarians have an exceptionally high live expectancy. Mortality
at age 90 in Costa Rica is at least 14% lower than an average of 13 high-income countries. This advantage increases with age
by 1% per year. Males have an additional 12% advantage. Age-90 life expectancy for males is 4.4 years, one-half year more
than any other country in the world. These estimates do not use problematic data on reported ages, but ages are computed from
birth dates in the Costa Rican birth-registration ledgers. Census data con rm the exceptionally high survival of elderly Costa
Ricans, especially males. Comparisons with the United States and Sweden show that the Costa Rican advantage comes mostly from
reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases, coupled with a low prevalence of obesity, as the only available explanatory
risk factor. Costa Rican nonagenarians are survivors of cohorts that underwent extremely harsh health conditions when young,
and their advantage might be just a heterogeneity in frailty effect that might disappear in more recent cohorts. The availability
of reliable estimates for the oldest-old in low- income populations is extremely rare. These results may enlighten the debate
over how harsh early-life health conditions affect older-age mortality. 相似文献
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We investigate the heterogeneity across countries and time in the relationship between mother’s fertility and children’s educational attainment—the quantity-quality (Q-Q) trade-off—by using census data from 17 countries in Asia and Latin America, with data from each country spanning multiple census years. For each country-year, we estimate micro-level instrumental variables models predicting secondary school attainment using number of siblings of the child, instrumented by the sex composition of the first two births in the family. We then analyze correlates of Q-Q trade-off patterns across countries. On average, one additional sibling in the family reduces the probability of secondary education by 6 percentage points for girls and 4 percentage points for boys. This Q-Q trade-off is significantly associated with the level of son preference, slightly decreasing over time and with fertility, but it does not significantly differ by educational level of the country. 相似文献
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