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Declines in mortality rates for females at older ages in some developed countries, including the United States, have slowed
in recent decades even as decreases have steadily continued in some other countries. This study presents a modified version
of the indirect Peto-Lopez method, which uses lung cancer mortality rates as a proxy for smoking exposure, to analyze this
trend. The modified method estimates smoking-attributable mortality for more-specific age groups than does the Peto-Lopez
method. An adjustment factor is also introduced to account for low mortality in the indirect method’s study population. These
modifications are shown to be useful specifically in the estimation of deaths attributable to smoking for females at older
ages, and in the estimation of smoking-attributable mortality more generally. In a comparison made between the United States
and France with the modified method, smoking is found to be responsible for approximately one-half the difference in life
expectancy for females at age 65. 相似文献
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