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1.
This paper aims at explaining two stylized facts of the Lost Decade in Japan: rising wage inequalities and increasing firm‐level productivity differentials. We build a model where firms can choose between efficiency wages with endogenous effort and competitive wages, and show that it can replicate those facts. Using Japanese microeconomic data, we find support for the existence of efficiency wages in one group of firms and competitive wages in the other group. Based on those results, a simulation shows that the share of firms using efficiency wages has declined, within sectors, during the Lost Decade, as predicted by the model. 相似文献
2.
Ryo Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1966,8(2):93-101
Conclusion From a field study for the vole population (Clethrionomys rufocanus) in Hokkaido in the late summer of 1965, it has been proved that the range length may decrease from 25 to 18 m by the gross
along with the rise from 20 to 100 in the density level per acre, and hence that an appreciable discrepancy, due to underestimation,
may be produced in estimates of the exposed as compared to the whole population at an outbreaking density as high as 100 on
a plan with trap-spacing 10 m.
In consideration of this together with my preceding results, the strict terms that we may enough approximate the whole one
by estimating the exposed seem likely to be that the ratio of range radius to trap spacing, supposing a range is circular,
should be near 2 or more at either ordinary or outbreaking densities, to say in the concrete, that the trap spacing as close
as 5 m or so in grid is desirable with this vole, perhaps with most other voles. 相似文献
3.
Ryo Arawatari 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2009,7(1):29-54
In recent years, voter turnout has been decreasing in most industrial countries, and about 40% of all electors abstain from
voting. This may affect income inequality and the GDP growth rate through a redistribution policy determined by majority voting.
In this paper, we explore the reasons for this continuing decrease in voter turnout and assess its social costs. We conclude
that informatization lowers voter turnout by generating an information overload, and that a decrease in voter turnout lowers
GDP growth by limiting income redistribution.
相似文献
4.
This paper has three purposes. First, we refine the characterization of the Walras rule proposed by Nagahisa (JET 1991) over a more natural and simple domain than the one he employed. We show that the Walras rule is the only social choice rule defined over the domain and satisfying Individual Rationality, Pareto Efficiency, and Local Independence. Second, assuming endowments to be collectively owned, we show that the Walras rule operated from equal division is the only social choice rule satisfying No Envy, Pareto Efficiency, and Local Independence. Third, we show that for every social choice rule satisfying Individual Rationality and Pareto Efficiency, Local Independence is equivalent to a condition of Nash implementation with a game form satisfying convexity.This article is a revised version of Toyama University Working Paper No. 141. We are grateful to Professors William Thomson, Shinsuke Nakamura, Tomoichi Shinotsuka and two anonymous referees for their detailed comments. Nagahisa is grateful for hospitality of the economics department of the University of Rochester. 相似文献
5.
Oda Ryo Tainaka Tomomi Morishima Kosuke Kanematsu Nobuho Yamagata-Nakashima Noriko Hiraishi Kai 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2021,45(2):261-279
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior - In this study, we investigated the cognitive processes and nonverbal cues used to detect altruism in three experiments based on a zero-acquaintance video... 相似文献
6.
Ryo Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1966,8(1):14-19
Summary A record of simulated removal trapping of 50 samples drawn fromN=50 under a design has been considered as to how it does contribute to practical censuses of small mammals. It follows that,
for ordinary-density populations so far experienced, the removal census based on the theory may frequently lead to quite wrong
estimates from single-plot data by the simplest method, and that the maximum likelihood method is doubtless better, but even
this method may produce right estimates in about half of the cases, their standard error being of limited availability. Therefore
pooling of data from many plots are desirous for such populations. 相似文献
7.
Ryo Uemukai 《Statistical Papers》2011,52(4):953-969
In this paper, we derive the exact formulae for moments of the ridge regression estimator proposed by Huang (Econ Lett 62:261–264, 1999), when there exist omitted variables. We show the conditions under which the ridge regression estimator has smaller mean squared error (MSE) than the ordinary least squares estimator. Based on the exact formulae for moments, we compare the bias and MSE performances of both estimators by numerical evaluations. 相似文献
8.
Summary The zygaenidPryeria sinica
Moore and the ichneumonidAgrothereutes minousubae
Nakanishi form a one host—one parasitoid system in nature. Their seasonal life cycles were investigated by laboratory experiments and
field observations, and the life-cycle adaptation of the parasitoid to its host was examined.
The moth is univoltine. The larva hatches from mid-February to mid-March and feeds on leaf buds and young leaves of ever greenEuonymus japonicus
Thunb. The thermal constants for completing the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval instars and prepupal stage were 85.6, 80.5, 85.2, 177,0
and 197.6 degree-days, respectively. The prepupa and pupa vulnerable to the attack by the parasitoid occurred from mid-April
to early May and from mid- to late May, respectively.
Diapause in the parasitoid is facultative and occurs in the eonymphal stage. The photoperiodic response for this diapause
was a long-day type with a critical photoperiod of 13 hr 40 min at 20°C, but it was not expressed at 25°C, most larvae entering
diapause irrespective of photoperiod. About 19, 120, 82 and 112 degree-days above 7°C were required to complete the egg, larval,
prepupal and pupal development, respectively. These data were superimposed on the photothermograph of Fukuoka, and it is predicted
that the 1st adult eclosion would occur in late April and the partial 2nd adult eclosion in early June. The prediction was
supported by field observations.
The adult eclosion of the parasitoid synchronized well with the apperance of prepupae and pupae of the moth. The parasitoid
has two types of seasonal life cycle, one generation and two generations a year. Both types have an extremely long dormant
period of 10–11 months due to aestivo-hibernation. This seasonal life cycle enables the parasitoid to maintain its population
when the host is in short supply. 相似文献
9.
Ryo Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1970,12(1):111-125
Summary Populations of the vole,Clethrionomys rufocanus, in a lowland woodlot of Hokkaido were studied for the presence of effects of prebaiting on censusing by the capture-recapture
method. A grid of 121 live-traps, spaced 5 m apart, was laid out on each of two plots, one of which alone was prebaited three
days long. Owing to very high densities and great trap-efficiency, sufficient and favourable samples could be available for
statistical analysis, except the trend of delayed catch for young in sampling. The population on either plot, however, proved
to be markedly variable in catchability of unmarked animals in the course of trapping; while the probability of recapture
was counted as invariable on the average from day to day, the recapture frequency was different between juveniles, subadults
and adults. Needless to say, the catchability was distinctly greater for marked voles than for unmarked ones, whether prebaited
or not, through the trapping period, except that the first-day catchability for unmarked ones on the prebaited plot seems
not to be significantly lower than that for marked ones.
Consequently, it turns out that the prebaiting has almost never helped to eliminate the important bias induced by differential
trap-response of marked and unmarked animals; its contribution is only that the catchability for unmarked ones is slightly
higher on the part of the prebaited plot on earlier days of the period.
In accordance with the heterogeneous catchability, the Γ-form distribution analogous to the geometric could be applied with
thorough fitness to the capture frequency in order to estimate the whole populations. The fact that the estimates are reliable,
being not at any rate underestimates, was further confirmed by the result of a follow-up work conducted by means of the removal
method with wider trap-spacing which brought forth distinct underestimation chiefly referable to unexposure to traps of the
partial populations. The subject of unexposure was discussed by laying stress on the relation between minimum range length
and trap-spacing.
Contribution from JIBP-PT No. 88, carried out by the grant from the expenditure of Education Department to the specific study
on “Dynamics of Biosphere”. 相似文献
10.