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1.
We discuss a method of ranking allocations in economic environments which applies when we do not know the names or preferences of individual agents. We require that two allocations can be ranked with the knowledge only of agents present, their aggregate bundles, and community indifference sets—a condition we refer to as aggregate independence. We also postulate a basic Pareto and continuity property, and a property stating that when two disjoint economies and allocations are put together, the ranking in the large economy should be consistent with the rankings in the two smaller economies (reinforcement). We show that a ranking method satisfies these axioms if and only if there is a probability measure over the strictly positive prices for which the rule ranks allocations on the basis of the random-price money-metric utilitarian rule. This is a rule which computes the money-metric utility for each agent at each price, sums these, and then takes an expectation according to the probability measure. 相似文献
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3.
Nils Chr Stenseth Ottar N. Bj?rnstad Takashi Saitoh 《Researches on Population Ecology》1998,40(1):85-95
We interpret gradients in population dynamics of the gray-sided vole from the southwestern part of the island of Hokkaido
to its northeastern part within the framework of a phenomenological model involving the relative length of summer and winter.
In Hokkaido, as in other northern regions, both spring and fall is considered as short transition periods between the two
main seasons — summer (the primary breeding season) and winter (the non-reproductive or secondary breeding season). We show
that the geographic transition in dynamics may be understood as the combined consequence of different patterns of density-dependence
during summer and winter, and geographically varying season lengths. Differences are shown to exist between summer and winter
with respect to strength of density-dependence. Direct density-dependence, in particular, is stronger during winter than during
summer. A model is presented to show how relative lengths of seasons can induce both stable and periodically fluctuating population
dynamics. The results are compared and contrasted with what is otherwise known about the gradient in rodent dynamics in Fennoscandia. 相似文献
4.
This paper studies a class of social welfare relations (SWRs) on the set of infinite utility streams. In particular, we examine
the SWRs satisfying -Anonymity, an impartiality axiom stronger than Finite Anonymity, as well as Strong Pareto and a certain equity axiom. First,
we characterize the extension of the generalized Lorenz SWR by combining -Anonymity with Strong Pareto and Pigou–Dalton Equity. Second, we replace Pigou–Dalton Equity with Hammond Equity for characterizing
the extended leximin SWR. Third, we give an alternative characterization of the extended utilitarian SWR by substituting Incremental
Equity for Pigou–Dalton Equity. 相似文献
5.
A survey of a random sample of licensed social workers in Virginia showed 98.8% had Internet access in either their home or workplace. A comparison of this study with a study conducted in the early 2000s indicated more than 20% difference regarding e-mail communication with clients and Internet use for work-related research. Social workers who actually used the Internet and e-mail tended to expect a future increase in their use, in contrast with nonusers. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses found age and type of agency (private/for-profit) as factors negatively related to having Internet access in the workplace, age, and the reason “E-mail is not secure enough” as factors negatively related in the future e-mail communication with clients among current nonusers. 相似文献
6.
Statistics and Computing - In this paper, we develop a very efficient approach to the Monte Carlo estimation of the expected value of partial perfect information (EVPPI) that measures the average... 相似文献
7.
Saito T Takaki Y Iwata N Trojanowski J Saido TC 《Science of aging knowledge environment : SAGE KE》2003,2003(3):PE1
Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), the pathogenic agent of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a physiological metabolite in the brain. We have focused our attention and effort on elucidating the unresolved aspect of Abeta metabolism: proteolytic degradation. Among a number of Abeta-degrading enzyme candidates, we used a novel in vivo paradigm to identify a member of the neutral endopeptidase family, neprilysin, as the major Abeta catabolic enzyme. Neprilysin deficiency results in defects in the metabolism of endogenous Abeta 40 and 42 in a gene dose-dependent manner. Our observations suggest that even partial down-regulation of neprilysin activity, which could be caused by aging, can contribute to AD development by promoting Abeta accumulation. Moreover, we discuss the fact that an aging-dependent decline of neprilysin activity, which leads to elevation of Abeta concentrations in the brain, is a natural process that precedes AD pathology. In this Perspective, we hypothesize that neprilysin down-regulation has a role in sporadic AD (SAD) pathogenesis, and we propose that this knowledge be used for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies through use of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). 相似文献
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The Bates–Watts relative curvature measure can assess the validity of the linearized approximation in nonlinear regression models. However, it is developed based on an ordinary nonlinear regression in which the observation is assumed to be homoscedastically and normally distributed. In this article, we extend the original Bates–Watts relative curvature measure to one that can be applicable to nonlinear regression with heteroscedastic or non normal data, based on the transformation-both-sides (TBS) approach. In pharmacokinetic models, a diagnostic use of their measures is illustrated. By means of a simulation experiment, the performance of the relative curvature measure for the TBS approach is evaluated. 相似文献
10.
AbstractWe suggest shrinkage based technique for estimating covariance matrix in the high-dimensional normal model with missing data. Our approach is based on the monotone missing scheme assumption, meaning that missing values patterns occur completely at random. Our asymptotic framework allows the dimensionality p grow to infinity together with the sample size, N, and extends the methodology of Ledoit and Wolf (2004) to the case of two-step monotone missing data. Two new shrinkage-type estimators are derived and their dominance properties over the Ledoit and Wolf (2004) estimator are shown under the expected quadratic loss. We perform a simulation study and conclude that the proposed estimators are successful for a range of missing data scenarios. 相似文献