安全为本 自由优位——刑事诉讼价值的哲理思辨

刑事诉讼价值是刑事诉讼法学中一个颇有争议的基础性理论问题，尤其是在自由与安全的价值位序排列上，学界仍聚讼纷纭，难成共识，并引发了许多不必要的负面效应。中国当下千夫所指的司法腐败现象的泛滥与恶化在深层意义上就与我国主导性诉讼价值观的理性缺失有密切关联。本文认为，依据价值哲学原理，并着眼于人性的本质和社会发展的规律，理想的刑事诉讼价值观应当是一种自由优位的均衡型诉讼价值选择。     

关于法律本质的认识论探讨(上)

长久以来,关于“法律本质是什么”的争论一直没有停息。虽然近20年来,有一、两种本质理论一直占据着法学界的“统治”地位,但这主要是由于意识形态和思维方式的原因所造成的,而并非有学理上的充足依据。本论文对几种重要的法律本质现进行了介绍、梳理和评论,作者并站在一个与先前考察这一问题的人们不同的立场上,追溯了西方哲学上人们对“本质”的探究历史,阐明了法律本质应有的内涵。作者又对法律本质的认识历史作了反向的考察,进而站在“法律本质”外部的立场上,得出结论;法律的本质由于人们认识的时代性和人类认识的无限性,因而是不能穷尽的。作者最后阐明,法律本质之有无以及若有则应是什么的问题不在“纯粹理性”的界限以内,而应归入于信仰的场域。     

何思源与山东抗战

何思源对山东抗战发挥的作用和影响，应以历史唯物主义的态度进行分析与评价。他积极宣传抗日救亡，促进南京政府与山东当局的相互信任；坚持敌后抗战，维持国民党政权在山东的战略存在，都是值得充分肯定的。收复山东时，他努力扩张国民党势力，阻碍了山东民主革命形势的发展。     

论金融监管和金融创新

金融监管和金融创新是现代金融业中的两个相伴而生的重要概念。金融监管旨在维护金融系统的稳定性;金融创新旨在促进金融业的深化发展。金融业从“监管——创新——再监管——再创新”的循环发展过程被称作“金融监管辩证法”(周林,1998)。60年代至今国际金融业的发展历程即是此“辩证法”的很好体现。中、西方的金融监管和创新体系有所不同,通过分析比较,可以找到中国金融业的可资借鉴之处。     

国民党抗战时期政治体制述评

抗日战争时期,国民党在原有的以党治国和五院制政府的训政体制上,形成了以蒋介石为领袖,以国防最高委员会为决策和执行机关的党政军一体化战时体制。同时还设立了各级民意机关。这一战时政治体制,具有集权与民主二重性。但其主流和发展趋向是不断强化国民党的一党专政和蒋介石的个人独裁。由此,也使国民党政权走向腐败的深渊。     

论房地产买卖与租赁

房地产交易的本质是房地产产权的交易。房地产使用权的供给与需求构成房地产租赁市场,房地产所有权的供给与需求构成房地产买卖市场或房地产产权市场。房地产出售市场与房地产租赁市场的均衡受房地产租赁资本成本、房地产租赁与买卖供给—需求价格弹性以及房地产开发周期的影响。非均衡房地产租赁市场与出售市场直接影响整个房地产的市场效率。     

Trends in fertility level in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the years of Soviet rule

The birth rates of the USSR within its present boundaries are reconstructed for the period 1918-1940 on the basis of incomplete data and taking into consideration several changes in frontiers. Estimates for the years 1941-1945 are derived from data on school attendance during the 1949-1954 period, as well as from data provided by the censuses of 1959 and 1970 concerning cohort survival. Deriving an "effective fertility rate," which adjusts for the mortality wastage of young children, discussion focus is on fertility trends until 1976 and the changes in age patterns of reproduction at the national level and in the various republics. During the 1918-1940 period, the birth rate in the USSR never fell below 30/1000 and never exceeded 45/1000. There was a significant drop in the birth rate in the 1931-1936 period, and this is attributable to the problems of the period of collectivization and to the large-scale processes of migration involved in the country's industrialization. After the late 1940s, the overall birth rate in the USSR stabilized at a level of 25-27/1000, but from 1960 onwards, there was a steady decline in the rate. The level reached its lowest in 1969 and then rose somewhat. This increase reflects the transient influence of changes in the age-marriage structure of the population and in the "timetable" of births. A comparison of the present fertility level with the level in the 1920s indicates that the birth rate has declined by a factor of approximately 2.5, but in evaluating this decline the sharp decline in mortality, particularly infant mortality, must also be considered. The child mortality level in prerevolutionary Russia was very high. The overall mortality rate for the 20 provinces of European Russia in 1920-1922 was 33.2/1000, namely, 1/4 higher than it was before the Revolution. In subsequent years infant mortality continued at a high level and was 18.2% in 1940. In the last 25 years mortality in children under age 5 has markedly declined. In 1976 the overall birth rate was 18.5/1000 and the "effective" birth rate was 18.0/1000. The practice of birth control in families is spreading in various ways. In some cases the proportion of married couples using family planning is increasing, while in other cases couples already using birth control are beginning to use it after the birth of a child lower in birth order. In most areas of the country birth control is being practiced predominantly in such a way as to keep families down to 1 or 2 children. For the whole of the USSR in 1973-1974, the gross reproduction rate was 1.178, while the net rate was 1.118. Although there is ample population replacement in the country as a whole, in a number of republics even mere replacement is threatened.     

文艺学研究与自然科学方法——对于我国80年代中期文艺学研究方法论热潮的反思

借鉴自然科学的方法进行文艺学研究是文艺理论界长久以来纷争不休的话题。在20世纪80年代中期我国文艺理论界出现的方法论研究热潮中，自然科学方法在文艺研究中的运用成为当时的一个热点问题。这次方法论的尝试探索取得了一定成就，但也存在着忽视文艺研究的价值性、历史性，对自然科学方法在文艺研究中的适用范围和作用地位认识不清等弊病。着眼未来的文艺学建设，其成败得失都值得我们深入反思。     

高平之战与赵匡胤的崛起

高平之战是后周禁军完成新旧更替的关键,赵匡胤在战前进入周世宗幕府,战后结识张永德、晋升殿前都虞候、负责禁军整顿,遂成为当时少壮派军官的领袖,得以迅速崛起。对赵匡胤出任殿前都虞侯的时间、义社十兄弟等有争议的问题也进行了探讨。     

The Performance of a Robust Multistage Estimator in Nonlinear Regression with Heteroscedastic Errors

In this article, a robust multistage parameter estimator is proposed for nonlinear regression with heteroscedastic variance, where the residual variances are considered as a general parametric function of predictors. The motivation is based on considering the chi-square distribution for the calculated sample variance of the data. It is shown that outliers that are influential in nonlinear regression parameter estimates are not necessarily influential in calculating the sample variance. This matter persuades us, not only to robustify the estimate of the parameters of the models for both the regression function and the variance, but also to replace the sample variance of the data by a robust scale estimate.