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1.
Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu 《Demography》2001,38(4):467-479
Using quantitative and qualitative data from three culturally heterogeneous ethnic groups in Malawi, I show that differences in postpartum sexual abstinence are closely associated with community-specific rationales for the practice, particularly differences in the definition and timing of child-strengthening rituals that couples are required to perform before resuming intercourse. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the primary rationale for abstinence in the study areas is not linked to child spacing. Among Tumbukas in the north, most women perform the ritual immediately after resuming menstruation. Among the other ethnic groups, the rituals can be performed at any time after the end of postpartum bleeding. The study underscores the utility of the complementary micro-level approach in understanding reproductive behavior in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
2.
Diana Hummel Susana Adamo Alex de Sherbinin Laura Murphy Rimjhim Aggarwal Leo Zulu Jianguo Liu Kyle Knight 《Population and environment》2013,34(4):481-509
The causes and consequences of demographic changes for the environment, and the possible ways of influencing population dynamics to achieve ‘sustainability’, have been the subject of many debates in science and policy in recent decades. However, the body of knowledge concerning relationships between population dynamics and sustainability is quite fragmented, dispersed over many disciplines, and encompasses diverse theories, paradigms and methodologies. This paper reviews four selected frameworks: linear, multiplicative, mediated, and system-theoretical approaches and perspectives. We represent how population–environment relationships are conceptualized, provide examples of research questions and accepted approaches, and critically assess their utility for different sorts of research for sustainable development. We note the growing recognition of the value of embracing complexity in population–environment research, and how this is consistent with normative aims of development. 相似文献
3.
Evidence of higher child mortality of rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants is growing. However, less attention
has been paid to comparing the situation of the same families before and after they migrate with the situation of urban-to-rural
migrants. We use DHS data from 18 African countries to compare child mortality rates of six groups based on their mothers’
migration status: rural nonmigrants; urban nonmigrants; rural-to-urban migrants before and after they migrate; and urban-to-rural
migrants before and after they migrate. The results show that rural-to-urban migrants had, on average, lower child mortality
before they migrated than rural nonmigrants, and that their mortality levels dropped further after they arrived in urban areas.
We found no systematic evidence of higher child mortality for rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants. Urban-to-rural
migrants had higher mortality in the urban areas, and their move to rural areas appeared advantageous because they experienced
lower or similar child mortality after living in rural areas. After we control for known demographic and socioeconomic correlates
of under-5 mortality, the urban advantage is greatly reduced and sometimes reversed. The results suggest that it may not be
necessarily the place of residence that matters for child survival but, rather, access to services and economic opportunities. 相似文献
4.
This paper describes an algorithm for solving optimally, the mixed-model sequencing problem when assembly line stations are balanced for each model. An optimal sequence is obtained with the minimization of the overall assembly line length for zero station idle time.The algorithm incorporates two basic steps. The first involves a search procedure that generates all cycle sequences; i.e. sequences having identical ‘start’ and ‘finish’ positions and whose work content can be executed within a defined station length. The second step uses integer programming (IP) to determine the number and combination of the various cycle sequences, such that the production demand is satisfied. 相似文献
5.
Numerous studies document the disadvantage in child health of the urban poor in African cities. This study uses Demographic and Health Survey data from 23 countries in sub-Saharan Africa to examine whether the urban poor experience comparable disadvantages in maternal health care. The results show that, although on average the urban poor receive better antenatal and delivery care than rural residents, the care of the urban poor is worse than that of the urban non-poor. This suggests that the urban bias in the allocation of health services in Africa does not benefit the urban poor as much as the non-poor. Multilevel analyses reveal significant variations in maternal health in urban areas across countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The dis-advantage of the urban poor is more pronounced in countries where maternal health care is relatively good. In these countries the urban poor tend to be even worse off than rural residents, suggesting that the urban poor have benefited least from improvements in maternal health care. 相似文献
6.
Transactional sex, or the exchange of money and gifts for sexual activities within nonmarital relationships, has been widely considered a contributing factor to the disproportionate prevalence of HIV/AIDS among young women in sub-Saharan Africa. This study applied social exchange theory to premarital relationships in order to investigate the linkages between a variety of young women's resources-including employment and material transfers from male partners-and sexual behaviors. Data on the first month of premarital relationships (N=551 relationships) were collected from a random sample of young adult women ages 18-24 in Kisumu, Kenya, using a retrospective life history calendar. Consistent with the hypotheses, results showed that young women's income increases the likelihood of safer sexual activities, including delaying sex and using condoms consistently. Material transfers from the male partner displayed the opposite effect, supporting the view that resources obtained from within the relationship decrease young women's negotiating power. 相似文献
7.
This paper examines male-female differences in knowledge and attitudes towards traditional and modern methods of child spacing in Malawi, based on the survey on traditional methods of child spacing in Malawi which was conducted in 1988. The results show that most people in Malawi are knowledgeable about both traditional and modern methods of child spacing. In general more men than women report knowledge and practice of traditional methods. For modern methods, however, females are more knowledgeable than males of all the specific methods, with the exception of condoms. The greater knowledge by women of female-based modern contraceptives appears to be a manifestation of the exclusion of males from the family planning program. The high rates of knowledge do not translate into equivalent high rates of utilization for both modern and traditional methods of contraception. The study further demonstrates that, while women are involved in making decisions to use contraception, the proportion of men initiating such decisions is greater than that of women. This finding calls for family planning planners to think seriously about revising their target population to include men. 相似文献
8.
Most survey data on sexual activities are obtained via face-to-face interviews, which are prone to misreporting of socially
unacceptable behaviors. Demographers have developed various private response methods to minimize social desirability bias
and improve the quality of reporting; however, these methods often limit the complexity of information collected. We designed
a life history calendar—the Relationship History Calendar (RHC)—to increase the scope of data collected on sexual relationships
and behavior while enhancing their quality. The RHC records detailed, 10-year retrospective information on sexual relationship
histories. The structure and interview procedure draw on qualitative techniques, which could reduce social desirability bias.
We compare the quality of data collected with the RHC with a standard face-to-face survey instrument through a field experiment
conducted among 1,275 youth in Kisumu, Kenya. The results suggest that the RHC reduces social desirability bias and improves
reporting on multiple measures, including higher rates of abstinence among males and multiple recent sexual partnerships among
females. The RHC fosters higher levels of rapport and respondent enjoyment, which appear to be the mechanisms through which
social desirability bias is minimized. The RHC is an excellent alternative to private response methods and could potentially
be adapted for large-scale surveys. 相似文献
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10.
Relatively less attention has been paid to reproductive health problems facing deprived urban residents than to those facing rural residents in the sub-Saharan Africa. This is probably because the majority of Africans live in rural areas, where they are presumed to have poorer medical, educational, and other social services. Yet, the unprecedented rate of urbanization and the accompanying disproportionate growth in the proportion of poor city residents pose new challenges for health care in the region. This study examines differences in sexual behaviour between slum residents and non-slum residents in Nairobi city. The results show that slum residents start sexual intercourse at earlier ages, have more sexual partners, and are less likely than other city residents to know of or adopt preventive measures against contracting HIV/AIDS. The findings highlight the need to treat slum residents as a sub-population uniquely vulnerable to reproductive health problems and to expend more resources in slum settings. 相似文献