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We present a novel experiment demonstrating strategies selfish individuals utilize to avoid social pressure to be altruistic. Subjects participate in a trust game, after which they have an opportunity to state their beliefs about their opponent's actions. Subsequently, subjects participate in a task designed to “reveal” their true beliefs. Subjects who initially made selfish choices falsely state their beliefs about their opponent's kindness. Their “revealed” beliefs were significantly more accurate, which exposed subjects' knowledge that their selfishness was unjustifiable by their opponent's behavior. The initial false statements complied with social norms, suggesting subjects' attempts to project a more favorable social image. (JEL C9, D03, D83) 相似文献
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Stefania Balzarotti Luca Piccini Giuseppe Andreoni Rita Ciceri 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2014,38(3):283-299
Human–human communication studies have suggested that within communicative interactions, individuals acknowledge each other as intentional agents and adjust their emotion nonverbal behavior according to the other. This process has been defined as emotional attunement. In this study, we examine the emotional attunement process in the context of affective human–computer interactions. To this purpose, participants were exposed to one of two conditions. In one case, they played with a computer that simulated understanding of their emotional reactions while guiding them across four different game-like activities; in the other, the computer guided participants across the activities without mentioning any ability to understand emotional responses. Face movements, gaze direction, posture, vocal behavior, electrocardiogram and electrodermal activity were simultaneously recorded during the experimental sessions. Results showed that if participants were aware of interacting with an agent able to recognize their emotions, they reported that the computer was able to “understand” them and showed a higher number of nonverbal behaviors during the most interactive activity. The implications are discussed. 相似文献
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James Andreoni B. Douglas Bernheim 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2009,77(5):1607-1636
A norm of 50–50 division appears to have considerable force in a wide range of economic environments, both in the real world and in the laboratory. Even in settings where one party unilaterally determines the allocation of a prize (the dictator game), many subjects voluntarily cede exactly half to another individual. The hypothesis that people care about fairness does not by itself account for key experimental patterns. We consider an alternative explanation, which adds the hypothesis that people like to be perceived as fair. The properties of equilibria for the resulting signaling game correspond closely to laboratory observations. The theory has additional testable implications, the validity of which we confirm through new experiments. 相似文献
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Valeria Andreoni Stefano Bisogni Gabriele Buson Otello Campanelli Brunella Cozzo Marco Duriavig Yuri Kato Hirokazu Kubo Roberta Sanasi Kodai Tateno Akira Watanabe 《Transition Studies Review》2009,16(2):368-378
Complex systems often involve a huge number of variables whose interdependence must be taken into account. This makes the
adoption of an integrated approach essential for the proper management of a wide range of aspects related to human life, from
social matters to the environment. In particular, this paper takes into consideration three different experiences in which
the use of an integrated approach represented the most effective response for managing the evolving realities we took into
consideration. We focused on the issue of land management, with particular attention to the problem of monoculture in Brazil.
Then we analyzed the attempted cooperation between the States of the Aral Sea area for efficient water management of the basin
and, finally, we dealt with the matter of energy efficiency and how the production of home integrated systems could lead to
a better rationalization of energy consumption in the near future.
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Valeria Andreoni 《Transition Studies Review》2010,17(1):217-228
The increasing dimension of socio-environmental problems make sustainability a macroeconomic issue and new methodological
instruments are needed. In this paper, Material Flows Accounting is presented as a new statistical approach for an evaluation
of macroeconomic sustainability. Based on the pre-analytic vision that economies are an open system embedded in the environment,
it provides an overview in tonnes of annual material inputs and outputs of an economy. It quantifies the physical dimension
of societies and analyses the “size” of the human economy in the geo-biosphere. As it provides information about efficiency
and material requirements, it is a very important method for analysing whether a nation is moving towards sustainability or
away from it. Used in many official statistics, it will become one of the most powerful tools in describing sustainability
at the macroeconomic level. In this paper, after the presentation of the Material Flows Accounting approach, an Italian case
study is considered. 相似文献
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Ergonomics and design for sustainability in healthcare: ambient assisted living and the social-environmental impact of patients lifestyle 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This work presents considerations on Ergonomics and Design for Sustainability in the healthcare field based on research experiences of the Technology and Design for Healthcare (TeDH) research group of INDACO (Industrial design, communication, arts and fashion) department of Politecnico di Milano. In order to develop a multidisciplinary approach to design able to answer to specific user needs such as elderly in an environmental sustainable way (1) this paper shows the results we achieved concerning ergonomics and environmental impact in product development (2), the extension of this approach to interior and home design and the advantage of the application of Information Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT can help people with special needs to make their everyday life easier and more safe, at the same time, ICT can make social-environmental impact of everyday behavior evident and can be applied to manage sustainability. The specific theme is thus to integrate ergonomics and sustainability competences in the development of Ambient Assisted Living through a Product- Service System approach. The concept of product service system has the potential to improve product performances and services, establish new relations and networks with different actors in order to satisfy user needs and apply a systems approach considering environmental, social and economic factors in the users' environment. 相似文献
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