Outcome Expectations in Prolonged Conflicts: Perceptions of Sense of Control and Relative Deprivation

How do feelings of deprivation and a sense of control influence future expectations on the parts of Jews, Arabs, and Palestinians? We assumed that all non-Jews, but especially Palestinians, are discriminated against in Israel and that awareness of discrimination may have two related effects. First, it may strengthen feelings of relative deprivation among members of the group being discriminated against. Second, awareness of discrimination may lower the sense of control among the disadvantaged, because their life experiences diminish their ability to exercise authority and influence in order to direct and regulate their choices. However, when analyzing expectations, previous studies focused either on relative deprivation or on sense of control, not on both. Assuming that the two are related, we included both to analyze outcome expectations. We also present an alternative approach to sense of control to include an expressive dimension of control in addition to the traditional instrumental dimension. As expected, the findings indicate that Palestinians have the strongest feelings of personal deprivation and the lowest future expectations. Jews feel the lowest personal deprivation and have the highest expectations.     

Du vent dans le ciel de plomb ? L’accès des femmes aux professions supérieures, xix-xx siècles

Women with diplomas, authority, power, in the professions, in top jobs… Nowadays, since demands have taken shape around the concepts of “parities” or quotas, the phases in the process whereby women have gained access to top positions in employment risk being overlooked. This process stretches out over a long time, even though Western European countries have passed through successive phases at about the same time. The years 1880, 1920, 1970 and 2000 stand out like landmarks in this conquest starting out from equal access to education and continuing through the slow mixing of the two sexes in various types of jobs, medical, technical, legal, military or political. Till the last decades of the 20th century, feminists (men as well as women) fought for these advances despite the scorn of those men and women who wanted to see women confined to the jobs “fit for them”, in particular in education and care-giving.     

Intolerance of "Others" among Palestinian and Jewish Students in Israel

This study analyzes intolerance against diverse sociopolitical groups and compares the social and political attitudes of two distinct and highly differentiated groups: Jewish and Palestinian high-school students in Israel. It examines their perceptions of the political context that structurates their "reality," and aims to find the factors that influence the extremity of their intolerance. The proposed model is more applicable to Jewish students than it is to Palestinians and shows that intolerance toward out-groups is influenced by religiosity, the salience of national and civic identity, national security issues, and political ideology.     

Red unions and bourgeois democracy: A quantitative-historical analysis of worker militancy and socialist electoral power

This paper investigates how workers’ “economic struggle” determines the “democratic class struggle,” and extends socialist electoral constituency. This paper argues that political outcomes, namely, electoral behavior, may not be understood independently of the labor process, especially its most militant manifestation, strikes. Rather than follow the customary conceptual dichotomy between the sphere of production and the political sphere, it is suggested that both strike activity and electoral participation are compatible political strategies that, under specific historical circumstances, may jointly determine the fate of the Socialist party. The leading question is how did the wave of strikes in post World War I Italy affect the electoral power of the Italian Socialist party, in comparison with another mass party, the Popular Catholic Party. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) is employed to analyze census, strike, and electoral data. It is found that strike activity and electoral democracy increased the electoral power of the Socialist party, whereas they had little effect on the power of the Catholic party. It is suggested that this was due to the Catholic non-revolutionary program which was ambivalent about the political role of strikes. It is concluded that the socialists’ political success was determined by their dual political strategy in both spheres, electoral participation, and organizing strikes.     

Bausteine systemischer Führungskräftetrainings

The article describes core dimensions of leadership trainings, such as communication, cooperation, decision making, self-authoritation and self-care from a systemic point of view. It illustrates how a systemic perspective on these issues can help relieving the leader. At the same time existing leeway and responsibility are clarified.     

Resilienzf?rdernde M?glichkeiten der Teamsupervision bei Changeprozessen

Supervisors frequently are confronted with emotional and social effects of efficiency-driven restructuring and process optimizations. Using case studies as well as conceptual ideas, the article explores whether and how the resilience of affected employees can be fostered in the frame of supervision. Promoting resilience within supervision is not to be mistaken as a further attempt to stretch employees?? limits. Rather, we conceive of it as an attempt to make employees aware of the centrifugal powers of every day working routines and to promote decisions for joint investment in cooperation??to make team work worthwhile, even in strenuous times.