Changing Patterns of Ethnography in Canadian Anthropology: A Comparison of Themes*

Les anthropologues canadiens ont eu tendance à présumer que les recherches amérindiennes ont été reléguées à la périphéric de l'anthropologie canadienne. Après examen d'une liste de spécialistes en recherches amérindiennes dans les universités canadiennes et du dernier programme du congrès de la Société canadienne d'anthropologie (CASCA), l'auteure démontre que cette prétendue marginalisation ne refléte en rien la situation réelle. Le présent article fait état de la continuité qui caractérise la tradition “américaniste” et avance plusieurs hypothèses pour expliquer son peu de visibilité au sein de l'anthropologie contemporaine au Canada. Canadian anthropologists have tended to assume that First Nations research has moved out of the central arena of Canadian anthropology. An examination of the roster of Canadian academic specialists in First Nations studies and the most recent Canadian Anthropology Society (CASCA) programme indicates that this demise has been dramatically overstated. This paper highlights continuities in “the Americanist tradition” and speculates as to possible reasons for the seeming invisibility of this tradition in contemporary Canadian anthropology.     

Caregiver–Youth Communication about Sex in South Africa: The Role of Maternal Child Sexual Abuse History

Much of the research on child sexual abuse focuses on negative outcomes. This brief report explores a potentially protective parenting behavior among black South African female caregivers with and without a child sexual abuse history. Using cross-sectional baseline data, we hypothesized that caregiver child sexual abuse history would be positively associated with caregiver–youth sex communication and this relationship would be strongest for girls. Youth whose caregiver experienced child sexual abuse were more likely to report communicating with their caregiver about sex than youth whose caregivers did not experience child sexual abuse; however, this relation did not hold for caregiver reported communication. Child sexual abuse survivors’ ability and decision to discuss sex with their youth has the potential to protect youth from sexual risk and demonstrates resilience among a group rarely acknowledged for positive parenting practices.     

Diversion From the Juvenile Justice System: Observations of a Teen Court Program

Teen courts are a multidisciplinary intervention used to divert youth with minor offenses from the juvenile justice system. Observations were conducted at 13 hearings in an urban jurisdiction, with information gathered about the youth respondent, peer jurors, and adult volunteers. Peer jurors engaged in the majority of communication with the respondent during hearings. Adult volunteers, often members of the legal or judicial community, fulfilled supporting functions. Findings suggest that a youth-oriented process with support from adult volunteers can result in active participation from youth, and that teen courts provide opportunities for community involvement.     

(RE)AFFIRMING RACE:

This article combines insights from the social construction of reality tradition and recent works on audience ethnography to explore the ritualistic process by which racial boundaries are continually policed, (re)affirmed and (re)produced. The so-called black-white divide in perceptions of the O. J. Simpson double murder trial serves as the case study. This case is understood as a classic media event in which different societal groups struggle to privilege particular understandings of reality, to either maintain or improve their statuses in society. Two ten-member groups—one group black, one white—were tracked over the course of the criminal trial. Findings outline how "raced ways of seeing' figured in the process by which the groups attributed meanings to the case and case-related media constructions. Study conclusions consider the implications for "evidence,' epistemology, and contemporary U. S. race relations.     

Investigating the effects of trauma-related research on well-being

Using an experimental design, we investigated the impact of participation in trauma-related research on well-being in a sample of 219 higher education students. We created five conditions that exposed participants to questions about life events. A sixth condition represented a control condition. Exposure conditions varied according to whether they contained yes/no questions about events that entailed stress, stigma, trauma, or sexual violation. We operationalized well-being by measuring positive and negative affect, state anxiety, and positive reactions to research. Across exposure conditions, participants reported low levels of negative affect and generally positive reactions immediately after participation. The most negative and least positive responses followed exposure conditions that contained questions about stressful events and sexual violation. We discuss implications of our findings for ethics review board practices.     

Investigating the Effects of Trauma-Related Research on Well-Being

Using an experimental design, we investigated the impact of participation in trauma-related research on well-being in a sample of 219 higher education students. We created five conditions that exposed participants to questions about life events. A sixth condition represented a control condition. Exposure conditions varied according to whether they contained yes/no questions about events that entailed stress, stigma, trauma, or sexual violation. We operationalized well-being by measuring positive and negative affect, state anxiety, and positive reactions to research. Across exposure conditions, participants reported low levels of negative affect and generally positive reactions immediately after participation. The most negative and least positive responses followed exposure conditions that contained questions about stressful events and sexual violation. We discuss implications of our findings for ethics review board practices.