From the social to the symbolic equation: the progress of idealism in contemporary anthropological representations of kinship, marriage, and the family

This is the second paper of a trilogy, in which I investigate the development of anthropological definitions of kinship, marriage and the family, assess their limitations for the comparative study of social organization, and suggest an alternative. The analysis is predicated on the assumption that these definitions are derived from an underlying representation of groups and society, and that they will fail to be ‘universal’ as long as we do not define groups as phenomena sui generis. In a first paper (Verdon, 1980a), I studied the manner in which the evolutionists, studying groups through their ideological reflections, rooted kinship, marriage and the family in biology, and also asserted the historical and logical priority of ‘group ties’ over ‘individual ties.’ Malinowski rescued groups from ‘nature,’ only to reduce them in turn to interaction and the sentiments it generates, positing in the process the ontological and analytical primacy of ‘individual ties’ over ‘group ties’ in the analysis of ‘primitive’ society. Against this background (and studied in this paper), Rivers, Radcliffe-Brown and Fortes (1) argued that groups transcended both biology and psychology because of their ‘social’ dimension, and (2) tried to reconcile the two levels of corporate groups (group ties) and interpersonal relationships (individual ties). Despite their remarkable efforts, however, I argue that they fell short of achieving both. With Lévi-Strauss and Schneider, finally, groups are further removed from ‘society’ itself as social relations come to be perceived as ‘symbolic’ or ‘cultural’. The process of ‘idealization’ is therefore complete, from ‘practical reason’ (with the evolutionists) to ‘cultural transcendentalism’ (with the structuralists), and our conceptual tools (such as kinship, marriage and the family) are increasingly less ‘universal’ in their applicability. If the comparative study of social organization is to become more rigorous and systematic, it may have to call for an ‘operational’ solution. Cet article s'insère dans le cadre d'une trilogie, dans laquelle j'ai cherchéà dessiner l'évolution des définitions anthropologiques de la parenté, du mariage et de la famille, àévaluer leur potentiel analytique, et à suggérer une alternative. Pour ce faire, j'ai dû postuler que ces définitions sont dérivées d'une conceptualisation sousjacente de ce que sont groupes et société, et qu'elles ne seront ‘universelles’ que lorsque nous saurons dèfinir les groupes en tant que phénomènes sui generis. Dans un premier essai (Verdon, 1980a), j'ai étudiC la manière dont les évolutionistes, en étudiant les groupes à travers leurs reflets idéologiques, ont inscnt la parenté, le mariage et la famille dans le donné biologique, et ont aussi affirmé la priorité historique et logique des ‘liens de groupes’ (ou liens ‘tribaux’) sur les ‘liens individuels.’ Malinowski a réussi à arracher les groupes de ce substrat biologique, mais seulement pour les réduire à son tour au statut d'épiphénomène du comportement (donc de la psychologie), tout en postulant le primat ontologique et analytique des ‘liens individuels’ sur les ‘liens de groupes’ dans l'analyse des sociétés dites ‘primitives.’ Dans cette perspective (et formant le sujet de cet article), Rivers, Radcliffe-Brown et Fortes (1) ont Ctabli que les groupes transcendent à la fois biologie et psychologie par leur caractère ‘social’, et (2) ont essayé de reconcilier analytiquement le niveau des ‘groupes corporatifs’ (les liens tribaux d'antan) avec celui des rapports interpersonnels (les liens individuels). Malgré leurs efforts remarquables, je crois qu'ils n'ont pas tout-à-fait réussi dans leur double entreprise. Au terme de cette histoire, Uvi-Strauss et Schneider ont finalement coupé les groupes de leur support social, en considérant les rapports sociaux en tant que ‘symboliques’ ou ‘culturels’ et, ce faisant, ont achevé un processus d'idéalisation de nos concepts, de ce que Sahlins a appelé la ‘raison pratique’ (et qu'on retrouve chez les évolutionistes) à ce que j'appellerais du Rev. canad. SOC. & AnthJCanad. Rev. Soc. & Anth. 17(4) 1980 ‘transcendantalisme culturel’ (chez les structuralistes). Ceci a eu pour résultat de diminuer l'universalité de nos concepts et, si l'on tient encore à rendre l'étude comparative de l'organisation sociale plus rigoureuse et systématique, à rendre de plus en plus urgent le recours possible à une solution ‘opérationnelle.’     

Children's residence patterns and educational attainment in rural South Africa, 1997

Using data collected by the Agincourt Health and Population Programme in a rural sub-district of South Africa's Northern Province, this paper describes the residential arrangements of a population in rural South Africa, and analyses the impact of these arrangements on children's educational attainment. Children with co-resident parents generally have higher levels of schooling than those who have one or no co-resident parents. However, having a father who is away from home as a migrant appears to benefit older children whereas, for girls aged 11 to 15, having a mother who is a migrant lowers educational attainment. Children who live in households headed by Mozambican refugees have lower levels of schooling than those who live in non-refugee households. Living in a household headed by a woman is not associated with lower levels of education and, for some age-sex groups, appears to be an advantage.     

Wittgenstein, Pretend Play and the Transferred Use of Language

This essay sketches the potential implications of Wittgensteinian thought for conceptualizations of socalled fictive mental states, e.g. mental calculating, imagination, pretend play, as they are currently discussed in developmental psychology and philosophy of mind. In developmental psychology the young child's pretend play and make-belief are seen as a manifestation of the command of an underlying individualistic "theory of mind". When saying "This banana is a telephone" the child's mind entertains simultaneously two mental representations, a primary or veridical representation about the real properties of banana's and a pretend representation. It is the task of psychology to explain how this "double knowledge" does not result in conceptual chaos. Various sorts of internal mechanisms are postulated. In this essay it is argued that the threat of chaos is misconceived, and that the solutions are irrelevant. Following Wittgenstein's sparse remarks about the secondary sense of words, I argue that pretend language does not refer to underlying individual mental representations but to the child's creative transference of words used in one, primary, domain of application to another, secondary domain. The command and use of the secondary domain logically presupposes the command and use of the primary domain. Since the latter domain is necessarily public and social, fictive mental states cannot be dealt with purely individualistically as current mentalism assumes.     

An optimal credit policy to increase supplier's profits with price-dependent demand functions

This paper deals with the problem of determining an optimal length of credit period from the perspective of supplier. We assume that a retailer jointly determines the unit retail price and order size to maximize profit when he/she purchases a product for which the supplier offers a trade credit. Two widely used demand functions are adopted for the study in which demands are decreasing functions of the retail price. A procedure is presented which shows how to achieve an optimal length of credit period for suppliers. The effects of credit period on the behaviour of retailers are also investigated using an example.     

Nonlinear Censored Regression Using Synthetic Data

Abstract.  The problem of estimating a nonlinear regression model, when the dependent variable is randomly censored, is considered. The parameter of the model is estimated by least squares using synthetic data. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the least squares estimators are derived. The proofs are based on a novel approach that uses i.i.d. representations of synthetic data through Kaplan–Meier integrals. The asymptotic results are supported by a small simulation study.     

Why do states enfranchise citizens abroad? Comparative insights from Mexico,Italy and Belgium

Over the past two decades, sending states have greatly increased their interest in maintaining strong connections with their citizens abroad. The worldwide adoption of external voting – understood not only as an electoral procedure that allows some citizens to cast their vote outside the national territory but also as an acknowledgement that an emigrant status is compatible with polity membership – illustrates this phenomenon. Why do states enfranchise citizens abroad? In this article, I seek to answer this question by comparing the evolution of the debates on the extension of voting privileges to citizens residing abroad in Mexico, Italy and Belgium. My central argument is that a combination of variables shapes the development of external voting in different parts of the world, as well as the content of these laws. These include emigrant lobbying, home states' desires to stimulate emigrant loyalty for economic purposes and, most importantly, the evolution of domestic politics. In discussing these variables, I also shed light on how one can shape the adoption of external voting legislation to control the impact of votes cast abroad.     

Adaptive Multiple Importance Sampling

Abstract. The Adaptive Multiple Importance Sampling algorithm is aimed at an optimal recycling of past simulations in an iterated importance sampling (IS) scheme. The difference with earlier adaptive IS implementations like Population Monte Carlo is that the importance weights of all simulated values, past as well as present, are recomputed at each iteration, following the technique of the deterministic multiple mixture estimator of Owen & Zhou (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 95, 2000, 135). Although the convergence properties of the algorithm cannot be investigated, we demonstrate through a challenging banana shape target distribution and a population genetics example that the improvement brought by this technique is substantial.     

THE ROLE OF NONCOGNITIVE SKILLS IN EXPLAINING COGNITIVE TEST SCORES

This article examines whether noncognitive skills—measured both by personality traits and by economic preference parameters—influence cognitive tests' performance. The basic idea is that noncognitive skills might affect the effort people put into a test to obtain good results. We experimentally varied the rewards for questions in a cognitive test to measure to what extent people are sensitive to financial incentives. To distinguish increased mental effort from extra time investments, we also varied the questions' time constraints. Subjects with favorable personality traits such as high performance motivation and an internal locus of control perform relatively well in the absence of rewards, consistent with a model in which trying as hard as you can is the best strategy. In contrast, favorable economic preference parameters (low discount rate, low risk aversion) are associated with increases in time investments when incentives are introduced, consistent with a rational economic model in which people only invest when there are monetary returns. The main conclusion is that individual behavior at cognitive tests depends on noncognitive skills. ( JEL J20, J24)     

DECENTRALIZED MULTIECHELON INVENTORY CONTROL

This paper considers a model for decentralized control of an inventory system consisting of 1 central warehouse and a number of retailers. The cost structure includes holding costs at both echelons and shortage costs proportional to the time until delivery at the retailers. We analyze a procedure for coordinated but still decentralized control of the system. The procedure is based on a simple approximation, in which the stochastic lead times perceived by the retailers are replaced by their correct averages. The approximation enables us to decompose the considered multiechelon inventory problem into a number of single echelon problems, 1 for each installation. The information about how a certain decision at the warehouse affects the retailers is conveyed through the marginal cost increase with respect to a change of the expected lead time. This information about the retailer costs is used as a shortage cost at the warehouse. We show that a coordination procedure based on this information can be used for finding near-optimal reorder points for the system and provide bounds for the approximation errors.     

A Probabilistic Perspective on Re-Identifiability

A quasi-identifier is a set of attributes that can be used to re-identify entries in anonymized data sets. A group of individuals is considered about whom quasi-identifying numerical information is disclosed such as date of birth, age, weight, and height. The fraction of individuals is determined whose information is unique in that group and hence is identifiable unambiguously. Nonuniformity can be captured well by a single number, the Kullback-Leibler distance. For example sets of real microdata, given approximations based on Kullback-Leibler distances are accurate. Second, the effect of disclosing more specific or less specific information is analyzed experimentally. Third, the effect of correlation between numerical attributes is measured. A formula gives the re-identifiability level. The approximations are validated using publicly available demographic data sets.