To live an ordinary life: resource needs and additional costs for people with a physical impairment

Disabled people face increased risks of living in poverty largely due to lower incomes and extra resource requirements compared to non-disabled people. This study incorporated the social model of disability with an economic approach to costing to estimate the additional costs required by people with a physical impairment to achieve an adequate standard of living in New Zealand. Budgets estimating the additional equipment, modifications, transport, support and time required to achieve an adequate standard of living were developed and validated through focus groups with community members. The findings suggest that reducing barriers involves substantial costs ranging from NZ$645–$2,348 per week.     

Fossil fuel supplies simulation 1972–1979

Fossil fuels are an important source of energy for Ontario Hydro and purchases exceed $100 million per year. This paper describes a computer simulation of the inventory situation over an eight-year period, which is being used to assess the relationship between order flexibility and the target carry-over stocks at the beginning of each shipping season. A simple way of presenting the results for management evaluation is illustrated. Variations of the model are used to assess random influences, such as strikes, and to determine the economic balance between holding costs and stock-outs.     

Filling a critical gap: measuring work policies that affect families globally

Work is a central element in most people's lives, and its adequacy and value cannot be measured by simple figures showing how many people have gained or lost jobs. Current measures of decent work are more comprehensive in terms of what matters to individuals, but deficient in their coverage of work policies that matter to families. In this article, we argue the importance and feasibility of measuring policies and laws that shape work quality, and in particular those that shape how work affects families on a global basis. We make the case that this policy area is especially critical under changing social conditions, and propose a manageable and feasible set of indicators permitting an assessment of the extent to which national labor policies facilitate the ability of working adults to meet the requirements of their jobs as well as the needs of their families. Methods are described and findings mapped for all UN countries in key areas including maternal leave, paternal leave, leave to care for children's health, leave to care for adult family members, and leave to meet other family needs.     

The changing practice of urban planning

The purpose of this paper is to explore the changing nature of urban planning practice in the Third World. I shall seek to answer four main questions. First, what changes have there been in recent years? Second, why have these changes occurred? Third, are these changes, on balance, for good or ill? And fourth, what will or should happen next? Clearly these are ambitious questions to ask under any circumstances. And within the scope of a short paper such as this it may be regarded as reckless even to make the attempt. But I hope that the paper may at least clarify some of the questions, even if it fails to provide all the answers.     

Poverty,Human Rights,and Global Justice: The Response-Ability of Multilateral Organizations

In this article we argue that questions about responsibility for eradicating poverty may be restated as ‘who is response-able?’—in other words, ‘who is capable of responding in such a way as to remedy the harm?’; and an important part of the answer is international organizations. Created and maintained by ourselves acting collectively, these organizations play an important role in making and applying global rules that often determine the capabilities of people to live dignified lives. And in the case of development organizations they are specifically mandated to act on behalf of the poor. This gives these organizations, and particularly the latter, a special responsibility. We argue that multilateral organizations are ‘response-able’, in the sense that they are uniquely placed to act by virtue of the powers that we, the people of the world, have given them: economic resources, expertise, and the political legitimacy they enjoy by virtue of their mandates. We argue further that people have a responsibility as individuals to ensure that the organizations fulfil these tasks to the best of their ability: to use their power, expertise, and political position to promote a fair and egalitarian world driven by the avoidance of poverty.

En este artículo sostenemos que las preguntas que se hacen sobre la responsabilidad de erradicar la pobreza, deberían replantearse cuestionando ‘¿quién es el responsable?’, en otras palabras, ‘¿quién es capaz de responder en tal modo para remediar el daño?’: y una parte importante de la respuesta está en las organizaciones internacionales. Estas organizaciones que han sido creadas y mantenidas conjuntamente por nosotros, desempeñan un papel importante en crear y mantener las normas globales que frecuentemente determinan las capacidades de la gente para llevar una vida digna. En el caso específico del mandato de las organizaciones para el desarrollo, deben actuar en representación de los pobres. Estas organizaciones, en particular, tienen una responsabilidad específica. Sostenemos que las organizaciones multilaterales son ‘responsables’, en el sentido de que fueron elegidas por los habitantes del mundo, exclusivamente para actuar en virtud de los poderes que nosotros les dimos: recursos económicos, expertos, y la legitimidad política que poseen mediante los mandatos. Además argumentamos que las personas tienen la responsabilidad como individuos, de asegurarse de que las organizaciones cumplan con sus tareas de la mejor forma posible: utilizando su poder, su especialización y conocimiento y utilicen su posición política, para promover un mundo justo y equitativo eliminando de la pobreza.

在本文中,我们认为有关消除贫困的责任问题也许可以重新表述为“谁是有响应能力的？”——换句话说,“谁具有以一种修补危害的方式进行回应的能力？”。答案的一个重要部分是国际组织。通过我们自己的集体行动,这些组织得到建立与维系,它们在制定和执行通常决定人们生存尊严能力的全球规则方面扮演着重要角色。而发展组织则尤其被授权代表穷人的利益。它赋予这些组织（尤其是后者）一种特殊的责任。我们认为,多边组织是“能够回应的”,这就是说,它们是唯一被置于采取行动地位的主体,因为世界民众给予其这种权力：经济资源、专业才干以及它们根据授权享有的政治合法性。我们进一步论证道,人们作为个体有责任确保这些组织以其最大的努力去完成这些任务：运用它们的权力、专业知识和政治地位,通过消除贫困以推进一个公正与平等的世界。     

全系列三维激光扫描技术在文物及考古测绘中的应用

三维激光扫描技术在文物及考古测绘中的综合应用,实现了文物及考古测绘由二维向三维、四维、乃至多维的革命性飞跃。在大量测绘实践和分析研究基础上,文章对微观、中观、宏观等全系列三维激光扫描仪在文物与考古测绘中的应用相关问题进行了梳理,根据文物及考古测绘特点探讨了基于三维激光扫描技术的文物考古测绘成果多样化表现形式;进一步指出,将传统测量方法和先进测量技术融合贯通、优势互补是全系列三维激光扫描技术深度应用的基本途径。