Maternity and child health care in urban China

In China the effort to develop maternal and child health (MCH) care has been ongoing. Initially, attention was directed primarily to promulgating a modern method of delivery in an effort neonatal tetanus and puerperal fever. The next stage was the systematic management of MCH care. Pregnant women and puerperants were given a series of checkups and guidance from conception until the 42nd day after delivery. The purpose was to prevent and treat complications. In some cities, perinatal care has developed to the point of health care management of the health of both mother and child. This extensive health care system includes preconception and pregnancy care, puerperant care, and neonatal care. Premarital checks have become the rule in the urban areas. MCH care organizations at the grassroots level and community health workers take responsibility for advising newly married couples about health care. In addition, some medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals provide consultation services for these couples. The Shanghai Railway Medical College uses a computer to make projections on multigenic genetic diseases. It provides information on incidence risk of the next generation to help couples make their childbearing decisions. The majority of pregnant women get their 1st prenatal check prior to the 12th week of pregnancy, followed by 9 re-examinations to screen out high risk factors. Difficult labor, infections, obstetric trauma, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal distress are prevented at childbirth. Newborns are scored with Apgar comments; those with low marks are specially protected. In some cities, an investigation system has been established to deal with perinatal deaths. Perinatal care is managed at 3 levels: community MCH centers and MCH departments of hospitals, clinics, and industrial enterprises form the 1st level of care; MCH centers of city districts and hospitals at the district level make up the 2nd level of care; and MCH institutes or hospitals at provincial or city levels, hospitals attached to medical colleges, and hospitals under government ministries form the 3rd level of care.     

标准化学势和热力学标准态新论──(I)气体物质的标准化学势和热力学标准态

若定义了标准化学势μ—,其他标准热力学量可从μ—和热力学函数之间的关系通过数学计算得到．本文中,定义了气相中Ｂ物质的标准化学势,并根据标准化学势选取了相应的标准态．对方程中有关符号和术语也予了以详细说明     

萧萐父先生的心学观探析

萧萐父先生的心学观,主要展开为三部分:其一,将马克思主义的人学理论、真理观、认识论等有选择地、有甄别地与陆九渊、黄宗羲等传统心学作了深度的有效融合;其二,将阳明心学及其后学判定为明清启蒙学说的逻辑起点,提出了具有近代性质的新情理观、新价值观、新伦理观,但这个“新”不是相对宋明理学的“新”,而是相对于整个古典传统伦理观念的“新”,它的背景是明清之际的中国进入了“世界历史”,因此更加强调古今之变而非中西之别;其三,萧萐父认为,现当代新儒学的心学思想中蕴含着丰富的人文精神,具体表现为他对熊十力从阳明心学中吸取的“吾即是吾”主动精神的赞赏,以及对唐君毅“君毅之学,人学也”的界定,同时也对徐复观中国人性论史、中国艺术精神中所蕴含的主体人格自由极为肯定。在萧萐父的心学观中,现当代新儒学与明清启蒙学术有着一致的问题意识,均从心学中吸取资源,作为传统文化现代转化的历史“接合点”。     

中国现代历史小说中的“传奇体”

中国现代历史小说的发生,与古代传奇文体有着密切的关联.现代作家不仅从本事的角度仿作传奇故事,创作了仿传奇的历史小说,而且也从形体的角度拟作历史传奇,写作了拟传奇的历史小说.前者在情感故事中重塑了女性的形象,对女性进行了新的发现,后者则从文人传奇中接续了中国文人的传统,并展示了其现代性的特征.二者作为现代历史小说的传奇体,以"再续传奇"的方式参与到中国现代历史小说的发生中.     

Does female circumcision affect infertility and fertility? A study of the central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, and Tanzania

This study explores the association between female circumcision and infertility and fertility, using information from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). In Côte d’Ivoire and Tanzania, circumcised women had lower childlessness, lower infertility by age, and higher total fertility rates than women who were not circumcised; the reverse pattern prevailed in the Central African Republic. In all three countries, however, circumcised women grouped by age at circumcision did not have significantly different odds of infertility nor of having a child than did uncircumcised women, when the effects of covariates were controlled. Thus we find evidence suggesting that the practice of female circumcision does not have a statistically discernible effect on women’s ability to reproduce.     

德治、礼教与共同体意识——试论祭公谋父的政治思想

祭公谋父的政治思想主要表现为德治与礼教,他主张“耀德而不观兵”的治理思想,反对滥用武力,主张推行修德、利民和文教的治理策略。在礼治天下的问题上,他主张依照先王所定下的礼制制度来构造依礼和谐的天下秩序。祭公谋父的政治思想中蕴含了共同体意识,他将天下看成是一个有中心、有边缘的差序格局共同体,在这个共同体里,和平发展是最为重要的价值,亲亲尊尊是保证秩序稳定的伦理和政治原则,而尊重传统、尊重礼制的普遍共识,对于解决共同体成员的分歧来说不可或缺。