The Seveso Directive: An Italian Pilot Study in Enabling Communication

In 1982 the Council of the European Communities issued a Directive on the Major Accident Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities, commonly known as the Seveso Directive. Besides other requirements, the Directive specifies that members of the public liable to be affected by a major accident from certain industrial activities must be informed of safety measures and how they should behave in the event of an accident. The Directive was subsequently amended in an extensive way. Upon the transposition of the Seveso Directive and its amendments into national legislations, the 12 European Member States are faced with the task of "appropriately and effectively" informing the public about major accident hazards. Delays are observed throughout the community, both in transposing the Directives and implementing public information. A pilot study on "Risk Information Needs" was commissioned and carried out at two Seveso sites in Italy in order to begin to resolve some of the problems involved in the provision of public information and to suggest appropriate guidelines. One hundred subjects answered an experimental protocol designed to assess their "information needs." This article presents the theoretical background, the pragmatic aims, and the design of the study. It also summarizes its most relevant findings and suggests some recommendations for the provision of information to the public.     

Burnout syndrome, working conditions, and health: a reality among public high school teachers in Brazil

The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Burnout Syndrome in 100 teachers of six public high schools and its correlation with working conditions in a southeast city of Brazil. Characterization of the sample occurred after application of a socio-demographic questionnaire. Evaluation of the working conditions was done by means of an Ergonomic Working Analysis. The presence of Burnout Syndrome was evaluated by means of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The sample presented the predominance of women, with an average age of 40.4 and the majority married with children. Roughly 50% had less than 10 years of service, and more than half of the teachers taught more than 18 classes per week. Hoarseness after work was principally reported among women, which required many days off for health treatment. Environmental conditions reflect inadequacy in relation to noise, light, humidity and temperature. Presence of pain in the upper limbs was especially high among women. Risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs predominated as moderately important to significant. We also identified an average distance walked by teachers of 1.5 Km and an average of 4.2 Kg of school supplies carried between classes. The Burnout Syndrome presented a high score for depersonalization principally among men, but it has association with both sexes. Emotional exhaustion correlates with noise, depersonalization, and personal fulfillment, in addition to the high number of weekly lessons. It can be concluded that Burnout syndrome is present among teachers, principally in terms of depersonalization, deserving the attention of government officials and the schools, as well as the teachers themselves.     

Analyzing the Role of Women in Italian Mafias: the Case of the Neapolitan Camorra

Over the last twenty-five years, there has been a growing debate about the role of women in Italian Mafias. Using a qualitative approach, this article looks at the leadership roles of women in the Neapolitan Camorra covering the period 2000–2014. It argues that despite women’s high-ranking positions within mafia clans, their professional development is best explained not as a sign of “female emancipation” of Italian or Camorra women but rather as functional exploitation by the clan when resources are limited in times of crisis. Thus, conceptualizing Camorra women as a “reserve army” can be a more useful analytical framework to explain the leadership positions of the women who come to occupy relevant positions in the traditionally men-dominated Camorra clans.     

Occupational stress, working condition and nutritional status of military police officers

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress, working conditions and the nutritional status of 53 military police officers in a Southeast city of Brazil. In order to evaluate the symptomatology and the stress phase, the Inventory of Stress Symptoms Lipp for Adults - ISSL was utilized. The assessment of the working conditions was performed by means of socio-demographic questionnaire, direct observation and interviews. The nutritional and health conditions were assessed through anthropometric measures, biochemical tests, blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular disease risk calculator. The sample is of the male gender (92.5%) and aging below 40 years old (73.6%). From these, 35.8% showed stress and 68.4% were in the resistance phase, with 31.6% almost burned out. Through the calculation of Chi-square we could find positive association between the BMI and tiredness (P = 0.0188), between the BMI and irritation (P = 0.0005) and the BMI and the appearance of nervous system problems or emotional problems (P = 0.0304), indicating that these statuses or problems could be related to work. We can conclude then, the stress is present among military police officers. No case of critical stress was found, and the stress phases identified are still susceptible to intervention.     

Empirical bayesInterval estimates: An application to geographical epidemiology

Summary Empirical Bayes estimates have been advocated as an improvement for mapping rare diseases or health events aggregated in small areas. In particular different parametric approaches have been proposed for dealing with non-normal data, assuming that disease occurrencies follow non-homogeneous Poisson law, whose parameters are treated as random variables. This paper shows how to conduct a complete Empirical Bayes analysis under an exchangeable model in the context of Geographical Epidemiology. Three different approaches for defining confidence limits obtained using a parametric bootstrap are compared: method 1 relies only on the first and second moment of the bootstrapped posterior distributions; method 2 computes the centiles of the bootstrapped posteriors; method 3 equates to α the average of the probabilities derived from the estimated bootstrapped cumulative posterior distributions. The simple Poisson-Gamma formulation was used to model mortality data on Larynx Cancer in the Local Health Units of Tuscany (1980–82 males). Two areas of significant elevated risk are identified.     

A multilevel Bayesian model for contextual effect of material deprivation

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and health has been studied in many circumstances. Whether the association takes place at individual level only, or also at population level (contextual effect) is still unclear. We present a multilevel hierarchical Bayesian model to investigate the joint contribution of individual and population-based socioeconomic factors to mortality, using data from the census cohort of the general population of the city of Florence, Italy (Tuscany Longitudinal Study, 1991-1995). Evidence supporting a contextual effect of deprivation on mortality at the very fine level of aggregation is found. Inappropriate modelling of individual and aggregate variables could strongly bias effect estimates.Received: 10 January 2002, Revised: 23 June 2003, The research on Tuscany Longitudinal Study (Studio Longitudinale Toscano, SLTo) was supported by the Regione Toscana Servizio Statistica.     

An extended Lindley distribution

In this paper we introduce an extension of the Lindley distribution which offers a more flexible model for lifetime data. Several statistical properties of the distribution are explored, such as the density, (reversed) failure rate, (reversed) mean residual lifetime, moments, order statistics, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves. Estimation using the maximum likelihood and inference of a random sample from the distribution are investigated. A real data application illustrates the performance of the distribution.     

A log-location-scale lifetime distribution with censored data: Regression modeling,residuals, and global influence

In survival analysis applications, the presence of failure rate functions with non monotone shapes is common. Therefore, models that can accommodate such different shapes are needed. In this article, we present a location regression model based on the complementary exponentiated exponential geometric distribution as an alternative to the usual bathtub, increasing, and decreasing failure rates in lifetime data. Assuming censored data, we consider the maximum likelihood inference for analysis, graphical verification for residuals, and test statistics for influential points.     

Assessing the Accuracy of Self-Reported Data: an Evaluation of the Toxics Release Inventory

Self-reported regulatory data are hard to verify. This article compares air emissions reported by plants in the Toxics Release Inventory with chemical concentration levels measured by EPA pollution monitors. We find that the large drops in air emissions reported by firms in the TRI are not always matched by similar reductions in measured concentrations from EPA monitors. When the first digits of the monitored chemical concentrations follow a monotonically decreasing distribution, we expect (via Benford's Law) a similar distribution of first digits for the TRI data. For lead and nitric acid the self-reported data do not follow the expected first digit pattern. This suggests that for these two heavily regulated chemicals plants are not reporting accurate estimates of their air emissions. JEL Classification K32, Q53     

The exponentiated exponential–geometric distribution: a distribution with decreasing,increasing and unimodal failure rate

In this paper, we proposed a new family of distributions namely exponentiated exponential–geometric (E2G) distribution. The E2G distribution is a straightforwardly generalization of the exponential–geometric (EG) distribution proposed by Adamidis and Loukas [A lifetime distribution with decreasing failure rate, Statist. Probab. Lett. 39 (1998), pp. 35–42], which accommodates increasing, decreasing and unimodal hazard functions. It arises on a latent competing risk scenarios, where the lifetime associated with a particular risk is not observable but only the minimum lifetime value among all risks. The properties of the proposed distribution are discussed, including a formal proof of its probability density function and explicit algebraic formulas for its survival and hazard functions, moments, rth moment of the ith order statistic, mean residual lifetime and modal value. Maximum-likelihood inference is implemented straightforwardly. From a mis-specification simulation study performed in order to assess the extent of the mis-specification errors when testing the EG distribution against the E2G, and we observed that it is usually possible to discriminate between both distributions even for moderate samples with presence of censoring. The practical importance of the new distribution was demonstrated in three applications where we compare the E2G distribution with several lifetime distributions.