Social Origins of Cognition: Bartlett, Evolutionary Perspective and Embodied Mind Approach

This paper explores new avenues of research on social bases of cognition and a more adequate (than those extant) framework to conceive the phenomena of the human mind. It firstly examines Bartlett's work on social bases of cognition, from which three pertinent features are identified, namely multi-level analyses, evolutionary perspective and embodied mind approach. It then examines recent works on social origins of cognition in ethology and paleoanthropology, and various forms of the embodied mind approach recently proposed in neuroscience and cognitive science. The paper concludes that extending the embodied mind approach would provide the most potent framework to enable, amongst others, the conceptual integration of the biological, psychological and social bases of the human mind, which have in the past been treated mainly as competing alternatives.     

在线超临界流体萃取-超高效液相色谱-光电二极管检测器联用分析胡椒粉中的胡椒碱

本文介绍的联用分析系统是将超临界流体萃取(SFE)系统与超高效液相色谱(UHPLC)系统联用。使用在线SFE-UHPLC系统,可以完成对胡椒粉中胡椒碱成分的高速萃取和分析。整个分析过程包括萃取时间在内只需要7min。将此方法的萃取回收率与其他萃取方法进行比较,SFE方法得到的回收率与其他方法相当。这种在线SFE-UHPLC方法操作简单,分析速度快。这一方法对于分析固体样品中的化合物组分非常有用,可以有效避免繁琐的样品预处理过程。     

Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography (CCE): a methodology for anticipating future user needs

This paper proposes Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography (CCE), a new study methodology for understanding people's in situ behavior selections in daily life. People select their next behavior to maximize their satisfaction for a given behavioral needs. They appropriately coordinate available cognitive resources to make the best decisions by using their knowledge of past experiences and by processing input from the environment and individual intrinsic state. When a study field is specified, CCE starts by defining critical parameters for understanding people's behavior by considering the nature of behavior selection processes in the field in question, and then designing ethnographical field observations by taking into account the fact that their results will be described in terms of the specified critical parameters. The participants' behavior is recorded, followed by a series of structured retrospective interviews for the purpose of describing their present behavior and obtaining their history of behavioral development. Analysis of the interview results aid in developing models of present behavior selections and their chronological changes in the past. These models serve as defining future needs of persons who follow the same developing paths with a certain amount of delay, e.g., a few years of delay. This paper describes a CCE study of spectators of professional baseball games at a ballpark who have become frequent visitors to a baseball stadium in 5 years.     

Cognitive chrono-ethnography lite

Conducting field research facilitates understanding human daily activities. Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography (CCE) is a study methodology used to understand how people select actions in daily life by conducting ethnographical field research. CCE consists of measuring monitors' daily activities in a specified field and in-depth interviews using the recorded videos afterward. However, privacy issues may arise when conducting standard CCE with video recordings in a daily field. To resolve these issues, we developed a new study methodology, CCE Lite. To replace video recordings, we created pseudo-first-personview (PFPV) movies using a computer-graphic technique. The PFPV movies were used to remind the monitors of their activities. These movies replicated monitors' activities (e.g., locomotion and change in physical direction), with no human images and voices. We applied CCE Lite in a case study that involved female employees of hotels at a spa resort. In-depth interviews while showing the PFPV movies determined service schema of the employees (i.e., hospitality). Results indicated that using PFPV movies helped the employees to remember and reconstruct the situation of recorded activities.     

犯罪事实与构成要件

现在,构成要件是刑法学的概念,犯罪事实是刑事诉讼法的概念。二者同源于中世纪意大利的犯罪确证理论。随着刑事立法的发展,实体法与程序法的分离,犯罪事实作为刑事诉讼法的概念而被延续下来,而构成要件作为成立犯罪的第一要素,专属于刑法。     

Historians as rooted cosmopolitans: their potentials and limitations

In the 1990s, the so‐called ‘history problem’ began to escalate in East Asia as the result of mutually reinforcing nationalist commemorations in Japan, South Korea and China. In response, historians from the three countries organized joint historical research and textbook projects. In this article, I examine the extent to which these joint projects succeeded in promoting the cosmopolitan logic of historiography that challenged nationalist commemorations. Specifically, I compare governmental and non‐governmental projects and illustrate structural and dispositional mechanisms that facilitated the cosmopolitan logic of historiography. However, at the same time, I show that the joint projects have had only a limited impact on official and public commemorations because of the absence of any formal institutional links between historians' activities, governments and the public. Thus, while historians have the potential to act as rooted cosmopolitans and to mobilize transnational epistemic networks in East Asia, they have been unable effectively to counteract nationalist commemorations.     

日本农业农村整备及其对我国新农村建设的借鉴

日本政府通过实施农业农村整备政策促进了农业发展、农民增收和农村环境改善,实现了农业农村综合振兴发展。目前推进农村改革发展、建设社会主义新农村是我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务。学习、借鉴日本农业农村整备的成功做法,制定和完善新农村建设相关法律政策,推进新农村建设中的农民参与,完善新农村建设内容,增强农村灾害防治和资源环境保护能力,研究建立新农村建设评价制度,对促进我国新农村建设意义重大。