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The problems related to the means of transport in urban Brazilians have been getting worse over the years. The increase of the fleet, to the detriment of the adequacy and extent of the road network of cities contributes to this fact. This paper presents a profile of users of cycling in the city of Juiz de Fora, and thus contributes to the study of sustainable urban mobility, providing researchers with information that can guide the search for the encouragement of the use of means of transport to meet environmental needs urban centers that contributes to social equity. 相似文献
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We develop an extended version of Roemer’s Equality of Opportunity (EOp) criterion that accounts for income differentials
between as well as within types, where types are defined by circumstances that are beyond people’s control (parental education,
in this study). A microeconometric model of labour supply in Italy is employed to identify income tax-transfer rules that
are optimal according to the extended EOp criterion. Overall, the results do not conform to the perhaps common expectation
that the more conventional Equality of Outcome criterion is more supportive of “interventionist” (redistributive) policies
than the EOp approach. 相似文献
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This paper uses a rich collection of household surveys to investigate the wage differential between the public and private sectors in 13 Latin American countries. It also studies how the sector of employment affects the gender wage gap. Contrary to what is commonly thought, it is found that, in the majority of Latin American countries, there is a premium associated with working in the public sector. It is also found that the premium is often higher for women than for men but that this difference does not compensate for the wide gender gap. 相似文献
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Questions about the impact of social policies cannot be answered solely on the basis of official statistics made available in tabular format. The access to microdata allows policy analysts to answer these questions with a larger set of analytical tools, in particular microsimulation models. This paper examines the interface between survey data and microsimulation models. We review different types of microsimulation models (static and dynamic) and their data requirements. We then restrict the attention to survey-based microdata, and examine issues in survey design, questionnaire content, data quality, and dissemination policy that are important from the perspective of microsimulation. 相似文献
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Public Organization Review - This study examines the level of preparedness exhibited through strategy, planning and organization to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. A comparative analysis... 相似文献
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Regional and national development policies play an important role to support local enterprises in Italy. The amount of financial aid may be a key feature for firms’ employment policies. We study the impact on employment of the amount of financial aid attributed to enterprises located in Piedmont, a region in northern Italy, analysing small-sized firms and medium- or large-sized firms separately. We apply generalized propensity score methods under the unconfoundedness assumption that adjusting for differences in a set of observed pre-treatment variables removes all biases in comparisons by different amounts of financial aid. We find that the estimated effects are increasing with amount of financial aid for both small-sized and medium- or large-sized firms, whereas the marginal effects of additional incentives are decreasing with amount of financial aid for small-sized firms, and have an inverse J-shape for medium- or large-sized firms. 相似文献
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Ugo Gentilini 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2009,27(2):147-166
Social protection has evolved rapidly both conceptually and in practice, and is now a key policy issue in humanitarian and development debates. However, debates have sometimes been misled by approaches that pay inadequate attention to context‐specific factors, do not fully consider the sequence of interventions, and are too instrument‐centred. This article presents a conceptual framework to tailor social‐protection policy and implementation more closely to country contexts. Four stylised models of social protection are identified, corresponding to scenarios where social‐protection systems are absent, where elements of such systems exist, and where systems are emerging or have been consolidated. Each model is shown to lead to different challenges, implications and areas for further research. 相似文献
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Alessandra Mattei 《Statistical Methods and Applications》2009,18(2):257-273
Propensity score methods are an increasingly popular technique for causal inference. To estimate propensity scores, we must
model the distribution of the treatment indicator given a vector of covariates. Much work has been done in the case where
the covariates are fully observed. Unfortunately, many large scale and complex surveys, such as longitudinal surveys, suffer
from missing covariate values. In this paper, we compare three different approaches and their underlying assumptions of handling
missing background data in the estimation and use of propensity scores: a complete-case analysis, a pattern-mixture model
based approach developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (J Am Stat Assoc79:516–524, 1984), and a multiple imputation approach. We
apply these methods to assess the impact of childbearing events on individuals’ wellbeing in Indonesia, using a sample of
women from the Indonesia Family Life Survey.
I am grateful to all the participants at the project “Poverty Dynamics and Fertility in Developing Countries” for their support
and encouragement. Special thanks are due to Fabrizia Mealli for her insightful suggestions and discussions. I also thank
Jungho Kim, who is the main author of the STATA code to produce Indonesia consumption expenditure. Finally, I thank Arnstein
Aassve, and Letizia Mencarini for help working with the data and their very useful discussions, and Alexia Fuernkranz-Prskawetz,
and Henriette Engelhardt for detailed comments and suggestions which have improved the paper. Financial support from CNR-EFS
and COFIN 2005 is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
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Social Indicators Research - Regional competitiveness is a concept whose definition and applicability is highly debated among scholars. Nevertheless, over recent years it has become widespread... 相似文献