语言价值、权力结构与国际组织的语言选择

国际组织的语言选择是其行政机构及成员基于组织特性、语言价值等多种考量因素进行博弈的结果。为实现国际组织的宗旨和目标，其行政机构基于国际组织的“组织性”特征尤为注重语言的实用价值，甚至以此作为主导性考量因素，英语因而在国际组织的语言选择中占据主导地位。然而，“国际性”特征要求国际组织必须兼顾语言的象征价值，这与其成员彰显本国语言的诉求相吻合。国际组织成员尤其是成员国的权力强弱对国际组织的语言选择影响深远，部分成员通过在特定国际组织中推广本国语言的使用来提高自身的国际地位及影响力。同时，历史因素通过保留国际组织权力结构中的正式制度对其语言选择产生延迟性影响，致使语言政策的变革滞后于成员之间的相对权力动态。     

‘Rachel's not here’: Constructed dialogue in gossip

Sociolinguistic research has demonstrated that gossip is a co‐constructed phenomenon, which allows participants to establish solidarity and build alignments with each other, while evaluating an absent party. Gossip can also serve important social functions, such as helping to establish and reconfirm group norms and values. The present study provides a detailed analysis of an extended gossip episode that occurred within an institutional context: a study group interaction at a U.S. university. Our analysis shows how, in gossip, constructed dialogue both prompts and legitimizes pejorative evaluations towards an absent third party, and is actually the pivot around which group members negotiate values and norms in the process of arriving at a shared moral stance. Our analysis also demonstrates that alignment in gossip interactions is tenuous and must be continuously renewed.     

Predicting the Risk of Biological Invasions Using Environmental Similarity and Transport Network Connectedness

Understanding the risk of biological invasions associated with particular transport pathways and source regions is critical for implementing effective biosecurity management. This may require both a model for physical connectedness between regions, and a measure of environmental similarity, so as to quantify the potential for a species to be transported from a given region and to survive at a destination region. We present an analysis of integrated biosecurity risk into Australia, based on flights and shipping data from each global geopolitical region, and an adaptation of the “range bagging” method to determine environmental matching between regions. Here, we describe global patterns of environmental matching and highlight those regions with many physical connections. We classify patterns of global invasion risk (high to low) into Australian states and territories. We validate our analysis by comparison with global presence data for 844 phytophagous insect pest species, and produce a list of high‐risk species not previously known to be present in Australia. We determined that, of the insect pest species used for validation, the species most likely to be present in Australia were those also present in geopolitical regions with high transport connectivity to Australia, and those regions that were geographically close, and had similar environments.     

Corporate Governance and Director Accountability: an Institutional Comparative Perspective*

This paper examines the role of boards of directors in light of institutional contingencies and recent best practice governance guidelines and regulation such as the United Kingdom Higgs Review and the United States Sarbanes‐Oxley Act 2002. Particular attention is paid to discussing the role of independent directors across countries, and the implications for corporate governance innovation. It concludes by posing questions about recent corporate governance transformations and providing suggestions for future research.     

从量词看苗汉两种语言的关系

“名物量词”在各种语言中的产生、发展规律不尽一致。因此 ,透过“名物量词”探查两种语言的源流 ,不失为一条可行的途径。从苗汉两种语言量词的统计材料中 ,可以看到两种语言量词的兴起和发展过程。湘西苗语的量词与同时代汉语的量词相比 ,在数量上没有汉语的多 ,在范围上没有汉语的宽。各个历史时期 ,湘西苗语都从汉语借用一批词语 ,相应的汉语量词就跟着进入苗语了。从量词的起源和发展来看 ,苗语深受汉语的影响 ,但是很难说苗汉两种语言出于同一母语。     

A social identity model of prosocial behaviors within nonprofit organizations

This study draws on social identity theory, while developing and testing the Social Identification Model of Prosocial Behavior among voluntary participants in nonprofit organizations. This model posits relationships between organization identification, commitment, satisfaction, and prosocial behavior among nonprofit volunteers. Path analysis results indicate successful identification of the model. Specifically, when volunteers identified with their nonprofit, they had higher levels of prosocial behaviors, commitment, and satisfaction. This study provides several important extensions to social identity theory and nonprofit literatures while highlighting the need for further research examining motivations behind prosocial behaviors within nonprofits.     

The potential of integrated modelling in conservation biology: A case study of the black‐footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes)

Conservation biology aims at assessing the status of a population, based on information which is often incomplete. Integrated population modelling based on state‐space models appears to be a powerful and relevant way of combining into a single likelihood several types of information such as capture‐recapture data and population surveys. In this paper, the authors describe the principles of integrated population modelling and they evaluate its performance for conservation biology based on a case study, that of the black‐footed albatross, a northern Pacific albatross species suspected to be impacted by longline fishing     

跨文化沟通与国际经济

搞好跨文化沟通是国际经济活动成功的重要条件.本文以西欧、美国、阿拉伯国家和日本为对象探讨其文化差异和沟通的途径.     

斜腿刚构桥几何布局的优化设计

采用数学规划的方法从静力和动力两方面对斜腿刚构桥的几何布局进行优化设计。静力优化设计的优化目标是截面截面应力平方均值最小，动力优化设计的优化目标是结构自振周期平方和最小。采用了直接搜索法寻优。通过算例可知，这两种优化设计方法均可行，且均为刚性设计。