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Developing a fair and widely accepted income definition presents one of the greatest challenges to tax reform. To arrive at a definition separate from the federal tax code, we surveyed 1200 Latter‐day Saints about their practice of tithing. Tithing is similar to a flat tax with no deductions, where individuals voluntarily contribute 10% of self‐defined income to the church. The results of our survey indicate that most respondents operate on a cash realization basis, which excludes savings and does not allow any deductions. Respondents' income concepts generally do not coincide with current tax laws or economists' views of comprehensive income. 相似文献
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Young people represent the future, but little is known about their attitudes towards climate change, one of the most serious issues facing the world today. The purpose of the present study is to contribute with improved and new knowledge of young Norwegians’ understanding of and attitudes towards this issue, with a special focus on perspectives of the future. Of particular interest is the influence of divergent framings of the climate question in Norway, due to conflicting interests between the petroleum industry and climate concern. The young people's voices are elicited through two different surveys undertaken during the fall of 2013, one national (Norwegian Citizen Panel) and one local (School survey conducted among high-school students). The study generated both quantitative and qualitative findings, stemming from closed-ended as well as open-ended questions. The data were handled through a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results show that the voices tend to be oriented towards the opinion that Norway has a responsibility to help poor countries as well as a duty to prevent climate change and that the country should reduce its oil production. We further observe that young Norwegians have an optimistic view of the future, based on a pronounced belief in technology and science. 相似文献
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Anne Etchells Ursula Dahl Don Tustin Anne Burgess Frank Morgan Bill Lucas 《The Australian journal of social issues》1990,25(1):52-67
In the absence of a clinical definition of Behaviour Disorder, those termed ‘Behaviourally Disordered’ are often considered unsuitable for psychiatric servicing and many end up inappropriately contained by the correctional system. The working definitions of 213 South Australian health and welfare professionals from six client areas (child/adolescent, psychiatric, intellectually disabled, brain-damaged, correctional and general) were surveyed. Respondents generally saw Behaviour Disorder as a recognisable disorder, involving both aggressive, disruptive behaviour and deficits in social adaptation. Perceptions of its presentation varied across client groups and across professional roles. The results highlighted a need for specialised community servicing for this group. 相似文献
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Marietta L. Baba Carla Dahl‐Jrgensen 《International migration (Geneva, Switzerland)》2013,51(2):60-76
We present findings from an anthropological field study on the role of language and language policy in migration from Poland to Norway, and the larger implications for emerging language and immigration policy in Europe. Initial fieldwork in Norway found that Polish workers without knowledge of the Norwegian language struggled to secure employment in the formal economy. The 2008 financial crisis intensified competition in the labour market and underscored fluency in Norwegian as a means of discriminating among workers. Comparative case studies of language schools revealed that these organizations are active participants in channeling Polish migrants' movements into a segmented labour market, often in ways that involve cooperation between private companies and the State. We frame the Norwegian case within the larger context of Europe and the trend there toward favoring integration over multiculturalism. The emergence of restrictive language policies in Europe may be interpreted as a legally and culturally acceptable means for discouraging access to rights associated with permanent residency or citizenship by work migrants from CEE countries, while at the same time permitting them access to the labour market for temporary work. The long‐term consequences of such policies for European society are uncertain. 相似文献
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Espen Dahl Jon Anders Drøpping & Ivar Lø 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2001,10(4):300-308
This article examines the extent to which social policies in post-War Norway fit three key features of the social development model, namely productivism, social investment and universalism. The historical review shows that the pursuit of a social development model changes in line with economic development and the expansion of the welfare state. It reveals that policies to promote full employment have been central to the country's economic and welfare policies throughout the post-War period. Nevertheless, the extent to which the productivist objective has been emphasised and implemented has fluctuated over time. In contrast to the 1970s and 1980s, the 1990s witnessed a strengthening of the work ethic but also a continued commitment to de-commodification. The extent to which the combination of productivism and social investment is pursued is examined with reference to services for the insured and uninsured. The article concludes that the ways in which the social development perspective understands and defends universalism and social investment only partially applies to the mature Norwegian welfare state. 相似文献
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An analysis of poverty based on a country-specific income poverty line suffers from disregarding regional differences in prices
and needs within a country and may, therefore, produce results that give a misleading picture of the extent of poverty as
well as the geographic and demographic composition of the poor. To account for differences in prices and needs, this paper
introduces an alternative method for identifying the poor based on a set of region-specific poverty lines. Applying Norwegian
household register data for 2001 we find that the national level of poverty is only slightly affected by the change in definition
of poverty line. However, the geographic as well as the demographic poverty profiles are shown to depend heavily on whether
the method for identifying the poor relies on region- or country-specific thresholds. As expected, the results demonstrate
that an analysis of poverty based on a country-specific threshold produces downward biased poverty rates in urban areas and
upward biased poverty rates in rural areas. Moreover, when region-specific poverty thresholds form the basis of the poverty
analysis, we find that the poverty rates among young singles and non-western immigrants are significantly higher than what
is suggested by previous empirical evidence based on a joint country-specific poverty line. 相似文献
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Chang Huan Lo Audun Rosslund Jun Ho Chai Julien Mayor Natalia Kartushina 《Infancy》2021,26(4):596-616
The present study explores the viability of using tablets in assessing early word comprehension by means of a two-alternative forced-choice task. Forty-nine 18–20-month-old Norwegian toddlers performed a touch-based word recognition task, in which they were prompted to identify the labeled target out of two displayed items on a touchscreen tablet. In each trial, the distractor item was either semantically related (e.g., dog–cat) or unrelated (e.g., dog–airplane) to the target. Our results show that toddlers as young as 18 months can engage meaningfully with a tablet-based assessment, with minimal verbal instruction and child–administrator interaction. Toddlers performed better in the semantically unrelated condition than in the related condition, suggesting that their word representations are still semantically coarse at this age. Furthermore, parental reports of comprehension, using the Norwegian version of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories, predicted toddlers’ performance, with parent–child agreement stronger in the semantically unrelated condition, indicating that parents declare a word to be known by their child if it is understood at a coarse representational level. This study provides among the earliest evidence that remote data collection in 18-20 month-old toddlers is viable, as comparable results were observed from both in-laboratory and online administration of the touchscreen recognition task. 相似文献
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Joar Vitters? Yngvil S?holt Audun Hetland Irina Alekseeva Thoresen Espen R?ysamb 《Social indicators research》2010,95(1):1-18
The article proposes a functional approach as a framework for the analysis of human well-being. The model posits that the
adaptive role of hedonic feelings is to regulate stability and homeostasis in human systems, and that these feelings basically
are created in states of equilibrium or assimilation. To regulate change and growth, a distinct set of feelings exists, which
may be labeled eudaimonic feelings. Eudaimonic feelings are produced to motivate behavior in challenging environments, when
a quick return to equilibrium is dysfunctional, or when accommodation of cognitive structures is needed for a stimulus or
event to be perceived as meaningful. It was hypothesized that a trait-like concern for evaluation of outcomes in terms of
goodness or badness, referred to as hedonic orientation, will moderate the relation between equilibrium/assimilation and hedonic
feelings. The model also includes the concept of eudaimonic orientation, reflecting a stable tendency to get involved in challenging
activities and to create and strive after demanding goals. It was hypothesized that a eudaimonic, and not a hedonic, orientation
moderates hedonic feelings in challenging episodes. Three different studies gave empirical support to the model. 相似文献