Let Me Go: The Influences of Crawling Experience and Temperament on the Development of Anger Expression

Infants’ emerging ability to move independently by crawling is associated with changes in multiple domains, including an increase in expressions of anger in situations that block infants’ goals, but it is unknown whether increased anger is specifically because of experience with being able to move autonomously or simply related to age. To examine the influence of locomotion on developmental change in anger, infants’ (N = 20) anger expressions during an arm restraint procedure were observed longitudinally at a precrawling baseline assessment and 2 and 6 weeks after the onset of crawling. Infant age at each crawling stage was unrelated to the frequency of anger expressed in response to arm restraint. At 6 weeks postcrawling onset, infants whose mothers rated them as temperamentally higher in distress to limitations, compared with those rated lower, showed a greater increase in the frequency of anger expressed during the arm restraint relative to earlier assessments and took longer to reduce the frequency of anger expressed when no longer restrained. Findings suggest that experience with autonomous crawling has an effect on anger expression, independent of age, and that a temperamental tendency to become distressed by limitations may exacerbate the effect of crawling on anger expression.     

Do anti-bullying laws work? New evidence on school safety and youth violence

This study is the first to comprehensively examine the effect of state anti-bullying laws (ABLs) on school safety and youth violence. Using existing data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys and the Uniform Crime Reports, and newly-collected data on school shootings, we find little evidence that the typical state ABL is effective in improving school safety and student well-being. However, this null finding masks substantial policy heterogeneity. State mandates that require school districts to implement strong, comprehensive anti-bullying policies are associated with a 7 to 13 % reduction in school violence and an 8 to 12 % reduction in bullying. In addition, our results show that strong anti-bullying policy mandates are associated with a reduction in minor teen school shooting deaths and violent crime arrests, suggesting potentially important spillover effects.     

尼采对历史及其历史教学的批判

尼采认为 ,历史是人的生命意志的反映 ,它是英雄人物在瞬间的艺术创作冲动的产物。人的历史开始于“个人具有创造性的自我解放欲望之际” ,这是尼采历史观的原始起点和意义支撑。他认为真正的历史应该有利于人的创造力的发挥和个体生命的解放 ,而现在的历史已经背离了历史的本来意义 ,成了生命发展的桎梏和障碍。现代历史教育是错误历史观与错误人生观相结合的产物 ,是一种摧残人性的教育 ,它使受教育者变得虚伪、迟缓、猜疑、抵触 ,并以软弱的人格、麻木的心态期待着刺激性“事件”的发生 ,哪怕它危及自己的生命。     

巫术的历史作用及其终结

巫术作为一种社会现象 ,在历史上曾起过一定的积极作用 ,如可以增强人类控制客观世界的意识 ,扩展人类控制客观世界的领域 ,增强人类战胜敌手的信心 ,此外还具有组织作用、道德教化作用、精神安慰作用、交流娱乐作用等。但一方面由于巫术的荒谬性 ,巫术一再失败 ,使人们对它失去了信心 ;另一方面 ,巫术的抽象功能被后来发展起来的宗教所代替 ,实用功能被科学所代替 ,因而 ,巫术在主流文化中的历史作用已经终结 ,但仍在文化的细枝末节中广泛存在着     

加强改革顶层设计关键问题研究

改革顶层设计不仅是一个政治新词汇,而且具有促进思想进一步解放的重要作用。改革顶层设计既不同于战略谋划与确定,也不同于战术制定与实施,它是介于二者之间而又联系二者的关键环节。对于加强改革顶层设计这一课题应结合改革历史进程进行深入研究,从而进一步明确加强改革顶层设计需要重视和把握的重点和难点问题,即突出导向性、体现规律性、强化统筹性、明确主体性、具有操作性、重视动力性。     

论民族旅游场域中的跨文化交流与认知——以云南元阳箐口哈尼族村为例

对元阳县箐口村哈尼族在民族旅游场域中的中外跨文化交流与认知情况的实地调查分析表明,在民族旅游的场域中,外国游客与东道主之间存在一定形式的交流互动,但是对双方认知获得和交流影响有所区别。基本来讲,这种旅游场域中的跨文化交流对东道主的影响要大于对外国游客的影响,但交流对双方的认知都有积极的意义。