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Using data on software piracy, we examine how protection of intellectual property varies across countries. Consistent with other studies, we find that intellectual property receives greater protection in developed economies; high-income countries have lower piracy rates. We also find that protection depends on cultural factors. Countries with an individualist culture have lower piracy rates than do countries with a collectivist culture. Piracy rates are also lower in countries that have strong institutions that enforce contracts and protect property from expropriation. These results suggest that national policies toward intellectual property reflect not only economic concerns but also national culture and institutions. 相似文献
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Spritzer DT Rohde LA Benzano DB Laranjeira RR Pinsky I Zaleski M Caetano R Tavares H 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(4):649-661
The objectives of the study are: (a) to provide the first prevalence estimates of pathological gambling among Brazilian adolescents
using an age-specific instrument in a nationally representative sample; (b) to investigate the extent to which adolescents
participate in gambling activities in a developing country; and (c) to correlate different levels of gambling behavior with
demographic variables. Multistage cluster sampling selected 3,007 individuals over 14 years of age from Brazilian household
population. A total of 661 participants were between 14 and 17 years old. The Lie/Bet Questionnaire and the DSM-IV-MR-J were
used for assessing problem and pathological gambling. 2.8% scored positive on the screening questionnaire, while 1.6% were
classified as problem and pathological gamblers. Factors associated with problem and pathological gambling were male sex,
not currently studying and considering religion as not important. Less than 4 months elapsed between the age of regular gambling
involvement and the first gambling problem. Prevalence rates were quite similar from recent studies which used nationally
representative samples. The association of problem and pathological gambling with male sex, school drop-out and low religiosity
supports the Problem Behavior Theory. The fast progression to problem gambling adds evidence that adolescents may be more
vulnerable to the effects of gambling. 相似文献
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