Reality check. Evaluating a school-based gang prevention model

The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is a school-based gang prevention initiative developed in 1991 through the collaborative efforts of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, and the Phoenix Police Department. Uniformed law enforcement officers, certified as G.R.E.A.T. instructors, teach the 9-week curriculum to middle students. In 1994, the National Institute of Justice funded a national evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. program. The process evaluation component of this larger study is reported. First, results of on-site observations of the G.R.E.A.T. Officer Training program, including an overview of the training activities, and the authors' assessment of the training process are reported. Second, observations of the implementation of the program by officers at six sites are reported. Of primary concern was whether the program delivered to students was similar to the program taught to the officers during the G.R.E.A.T. Officer Training.     

试论旅游业中的经济整合

“经济整合”是指两个或两个以上的公司紧密联系的方式。现今,经济整合在旅 游业中相当常见。旅游企业间的经济整合可作如下分类:(1)按整合方向分为垂直整合、水平整 合、聚集整合;(2)按所有权程度分为接管、合并、合资、无所有权;(3)按控制权程度分为完全控 制、特许经营、管理合同。其中,每一种整合都有其优势及劣势。在做出整合决定前,旅游企业 应仔细全面地考虑各类整合的优缺点,并且有必要参考同行业其它企业的做法及效果,然后针 对自身的特定情况作出决策。     

湖南学生英语语音音段音位学习中湘方言的负迁移作用

湖南学生受方言的影响根深蒂固,而湘方言语音和英语语音之间存在着很多差异,从而造成了湖南学生英语语音学习中的负迁移现象。如何减少负迁移从而改进并完善英语发音,是湖南的英语教师与学生应该特别重视的一个问题。     

Active parental consent in school-based research. An examination of ethical and methodological issues

To date, most school-based research has used passive parental consent. However, the Family Privacy Protection Act of 1995 aims to change these requirements. The proposed legislation requires written parental consent if minors are to be asked "sensitive" questions as part of any program or activity funded in whole or in part by the federal government. This act is representative of a growing trend toward restricting research involving minors. Whether or not this act is passed by Congress, two lines of concern are highlighted by this legislation. The first deals with ethical issues surrounding consent procedures. For instance, are parental rights compromised when active consent is not mandated? A second line of inquiry pertains to the effect of active consent procedures on response rates and sample bias. In this article, the authors discuss ethical issues surrounding passive and active consent procedures and then report response rates from two projects in which active consent procedures were implemented.     

陕西高等教育的现状、存在问题及创新途径

陕西高等教育规模发展之迅速,前所未有,但在迅速的进程中蕴含了不少危机因素,诸如高等教育的经费与条件、规模与质量、入学与就业等问题。如果处理不好其中任一环节,满足经济和社会发展、追求教育民主和平等的高等教育大众化这一目标就不可能真正实现。因此,预防诸多危机的出现,高等教育的改革与创新迫在眉睫,同时要处理好改革,发展和稳定的关系,保障高等教育事业健康发展。     

安徽特色农业可持续发展研究

当前安徽特色农业呈不断发展趋势:专业化和产业化不断增强、基础设施逐步改善、科技扶持力度不断增强、农业旅游等功能有所拓展。但是也存在优良品种保护和开发力度不够,生产技术水平相对较低,基层农技推广和农村实用人才难以满足需求,基础设施建设投入不足,主产区生态环境保护不够,产业化有待推进,休闲、观光旅游功能拓展缓慢等问题。建议从五个方面推进安徽特色农业可持续发展:加强基层农业科技人才开发;推进特色农业产业化发展;加强优良品种开发与保护;完善农业基础设施建设;保护生态环境,发展农业旅游。     

Making Sense of Risk—A Sociological Perspective on the Management of Risk

This article describes how risk has been conceptualized in the business and organizational literature through four distinct transformations: from the techno‐scientific perspective to the cognitive, the social‐cultural, and, finally, to the constructionist perspective. Each domain conceptualizes risk in different ways, as organizations have found it difficult to understand and mitigate using the risk management tools available. Conceptualizing risk as sensemaking becomes relevant due to the complexity of information available to the risk manager, and, coupled with time constraints, this means that risk managers increasingly rely on making sense of possible threats rather than on the accuracy of the information received. This shift presents four contributions to the current literature. First, it suggests that the role of risk management is shifting from being technical in nature to being about risk sensemaking, where the manager engages with the social and physical environment with the aim of acquiring cues that could indicate how future events will unfold. Second, a sensemaking perspective implies a shift in the use of risk management systems from being “containers” of knowledge about past risk events to lending legitimacy to the plausibility of the success of future decisions. Third, the role of the risk manager in managing individual risks changes and becomes one of managing everything using the social networks and systems available as indicators of future risk events. Finally, the risk manager and the systems he or she relies upon are regarded as a source of risk in themselves as both act as gatekeepers for organizational risk decision making.     

Putting youth violent victimization into context: sex, race/ethnicity, and community differences among a multisite sample of youths

The increased risk of violent victimization for adolescents relative to other age groups has recently become a major public health concern. The current study uses data from a multisite study of eighth grade youths attending public schools in 11 cities to determine the extent and nature of youth general and serious violent victimization among both sexes and five racial/ethnic groups in 11 diverse communities. This study explores differences in sex, race/ethnicity, and community independently and explores interactions between sex and community and race/ethnicity and community. Our findings suggest important differences in victimization prevalence and individual victimization rates by sex and community of residence. Racial differences were found to be closely tied to community. Policy implications resulting from our findings are discussed.     

Differential attrition rates and active parental consent.

Active parental consent in survey research poses ethical and practical concerns. One common argument against the requirement of active consent procedures is its effect on participation rates. There is additional concern that higher risk groups may be underrepresented in the final sample. Empirical support of differential attrition, however, is lacking. In the current multisite longitudinal study, passive consent procedures were approved for the collection of pretest data. For subsequent years of data collection, active parental consent procedures were required. In this article, we use the pretest data to examine demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral differences between those students for whom active consent was provided and those for whom active consent was either denied or for whom no response was received. The results indicate that active consent procedures produce deleterious effects on participation rates and lead to an underrepresentation of at-risk youth in the sample.