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1.
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of fiscal policy by race, disaggregating to consider Uruguayans with primarily European, African and indigenous ancestry. We perform an incidence analysis, an estimation of the effect of fiscal policy on the poverty exit rate and an assessment of the impact on the average ethno-racial gaps. The findings support the idea that fiscal policy reduces (but does not eliminate) ethnic gaps. This result is led by health care and educational transfers, and to a lesser degree by direct transfers. We do not consider quality issues with public services, which may affect the estimated narrowing of gaps. Finally, we find that Afro-descendants and indigenous individuals do not capture the full potential of education transfers because of their high drop-out rate. 相似文献
2.
Chiara Giovanelli Cinzia Di Dio Elisabetta Lombardi Angela Tagini Elizabeth Meins Antonella Marchetti Lucia Carli 《Infancy》2020,25(1):67-83
Relations between mothers’ mind‐mindedness (appropriate attunement to their infants’ internal states) at 6 and 12 months and infants’ early symbolic play during infant–mother pretense at 12 and 18 months were investigated in a sample of 43 mothers and infants. Mothers’ appropriate mind‐related comments were associated with average level, length, complexity, and maturity level of symbolic play. Specific sub‐categories of appropriate mind‐related comments were identified as independent predictors of children's symbolic play. Appropriate comments about desires and cognitions at 6 months were associated with average level and length of episodes, as well as with maturity level of symbolic play at 12 months. Longitudinal stability in the appropriateness and content of mothers’ mind‐related comments was also investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the proposal that attunement to specific types of internal state should vary as a function of infant age in order to index mind‐mindedness. 相似文献
3.
Combining human capital theory and equity theory, we developed and tested a model in which the outside directors’ total cash
compensation is related to the outsider’s profile, as well as to the board and firm characteristics. Consistent with our model,
characteristics of the outsider’s profile, in terms of his/her role and responsibility, meeting activities and length of service,
are relevant. Only the director’s popularity, as a part of his/her human capital, has a significant effect on his/her compensation.
Our empirical results confirm the necessity to create a stronger link between the remuneration policies of the outsider directors
and their contribution in a board, in terms of human capital. The remuneration policies adopted by firms should be linked
to practices on corporate governance useful for helping outsiders contribute confidently to their work of the board and receive
ongoing support and information so they can develop their understanding of the total environment within they work. Then, we
suggest having recourse to qualifications and professional skills as well as to specific training or board induction programmes
defined by firms themselves. Finally, the Combined Code should promote the adoption and spreading of such practices on market. 相似文献
4.
Theory and empirical evidence suggest that parents allocate their investments unequally among their children, thus inducing within-family inequality. We investigate whether parents reinforce or compensate for initial ability differences between their children as well as whether these parental responses vary by family socioeconomic status (SES). Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) and a twin fixed-effects approach to address unobserved heterogeneity, we find that parental responses to early ability differences between their children do vary by family SES. Contrary to prior findings, we find that advantaged parents provide more cognitive stimulation to higher-ability children, and lower-class parents do not respond to ability differences. No analogous stratification in parental responses to birth weight is found, suggesting that parents’ responses vary across domains of child endowments. The reinforcing responses to early ability by high-SES parents do not, however, led to increases in ability differences among children because parental responses have little effect on children’s later cognitive performance in this twin sample. 相似文献
5.
Nikos Tzavidis Stefano Marchetti Ray Chambers 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2010,52(2):167-186
Small‐area estimation techniques have typically relied on plug‐in estimation based on models containing random area effects. More recently, regression M‐quantiles have been suggested for this purpose, thus avoiding conventional Gaussian assumptions, as well as problems associated with the specification of random effects. However, the plug‐in M‐quantile estimator for the small‐area mean can be shown to be the expected value of this mean with respect to a generally biased estimator of the small‐area cumulative distribution function of the characteristic of interest. To correct this problem, we propose a general framework for robust small‐area estimation, based on representing a small‐area estimator as a functional of a predictor of this small‐area cumulative distribution function. Key advantages of this framework are that it naturally leads to integrated estimation of small‐area means and quantiles and is not restricted to M‐quantile models. We also discuss mean squared error estimation for the resulting estimators, and demonstrate the advantages of our approach through model‐based and design‐based simulations, with the latter using economic data collected in an Australian farm survey. 相似文献
6.
Educational assortative mating and economic inequality: A comparative analysis of three Latin American countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Florencia Torche 《Demography》2010,47(2):481-502
Educational assortative mating and economic inequality are likely to be endogenously determined, but very little research
exists on their empirical association. Using census data and log-linear and log-multiplicative methods, I compare the patterns
of educational assortative mating in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, and explore the association between marital sorting and earnings
inequality across countries. The analysis finds substantial variation in the strength of specific barriers to educational
intermarriage between countries, and a close association between these barriers and the earnings gaps across educational categories
within countries. This finding suggests an isomorphism between assortative mating and economic inequality. Furthermore, educational
marital sorting is remarkably symmetric across gender in spite of the different resources that men and women bring to the
union. This study highlights the limitations of using single aggregate measures of spousal educational resemblance (such as
the correlation coefficient between spouses’ schooling) to capture variation in assortative mating and its relationship with
socioeconomic inequality. 相似文献
8.
9.
Florencia Peyrou 《Social history》2015,40(4):497-517
During the mid-nineteenth century European radicals developed contacts, relationships and networks. They organized activities and plans and propagated discourses and projects that transcended national borders. This article explores this transnational dimension of European democracy by analysing the case of Spain from around 1840, when the first Spanish self-proclaimed democrats began to organize, to the 1870s, when a certain national withdrawal took place among European democratic activists. It examines the journeys and contacts made by Spanish democrats as well as the extensive coverage of leading European activists that was published in Spanish newspapers, and considers how these connections were perceived by Spanish democratic activists. It is argued that contacts and networks contributed to configure a European democratic transnational political culture characterized by interrelations, exchanges and processes of cross-fertilization, through which the feeling of belonging to a national democratic community co-existed with a strong link to a wider European democratic family. The speeches, manifestos and projects of activists of various origins affected and greatly influenced each other, as well as shaping their socio-political views and strategic options. 相似文献
10.
In this paper, we propose a new procedure to estimate the distribution of a variable y when there are missing data. To compensate the presence of missing responses, it is assumed that a covariate vector x is observed and that y and x are related by means of a semi-parametric regression model. Observed residuals are combined with predicted values to estimate the missing response distribution. Once the responses distribution is consistently estimated, we can estimate any parameter defined through a continuous functional T using a plug in procedure. We prove that the proposed estimators have high breakdown point. 相似文献