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1.
Mounting evidence suggests that early-life conditions have an enduring effect on an individual’s mortality risks as an adult. The contribution of improvements in early-life conditions to the overall decline in adult mortality, however, remains a debated issue. We provide an estimate of the contribution of improvements in early-life conditions to mortality decline after age 30 in Dutch cohorts born between 1812 and 1921. We used two proxies for early-life conditions: median height and early-childhood mortality. We estimate that improvements in early-life conditions contributed more than five years or about a third to the rise in women’s life expectancy at age 30. Improvements in early-life conditions contributed almost three years or more than a quarter to the rise in men’s life expectancy at age 30. Height appears to be the more important of the two proxies for early-life conditions. 相似文献
2.
Researchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects oJ childbearing on parents 'postreproductive longevity. The "disposable soma theory" argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. "Maternal depletion" models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother's health. 相似文献
3.
This article extends the debate begun in the June 1992 issue of EMJ when the authors first criticized Michael Porter's explanatory framework in his Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990), over the role of national culture on the competitive advantage of nations. In this paper, Frans van den Bosch and Arno van Prooijen stress that Europe is a locus of competitive advantage if one is prepared to pay attention to the possibility of ‘European Management’ as a potential asset of European firms. In this connection, the transnationalization of European firms is of importance. 相似文献
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This paper presents the current Dutchsociotechnical design approach to integralorganizational renewal in a contextual way. Both itsdesign theory and intervention processes are reviewedand some aggregated empirical evidence is presented. Next, thepaper compares the ideas developed in the Dutch approachto those presented in its American, Scandinavian, andAustralian counterparts. It is concluded that, at a meta-level, they all share the ideal ofparticipative democracy, while at the conceptual level,these distinctive approaches appear quite incompatible.Notwithstanding substantial diversity, it is presumed these approaches can be seen as localmanifestations of a single sociotechnicalparadigm. 相似文献
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Restricted factor analysis can be used to investigate measurement bias. A prerequisite for the detection of measurement bias
through factor analysis is the correct specification of the measurement model. We applied restricted factor analysis to two
subtests of a Dutch cognitive ability test. These two examples serve to illustrate the relationship between multidimensionality
and measurement bias. We conclude that measurement bias implies multidimensionality, whereas multidimensionality shows up
as measurement bias only if multidimensionality is not properly accounted for in the measurement model. 相似文献
8.
Josien Schneiders Nancy A. Nicolson Johannes Berkhof Frans J. Feron Marten W. DeVries Jim Van Os 《Journal of research on adolescence》2007,17(4):697-722
Disturbances in affect have been linked to problem behavior in adolescence and future psychopathology, but little is known about how such disturbances manifest themselves in everyday contexts. This study investigated daily mood in Dutch 7th graders, aged 11–14. Cluster analysis of problem measures distinguished high-risk (n=25) and low-risk (n=106) subgroups. Participants completed experience-sampling reports of mood, social context, and location nine times daily for 5 days. Multilevel regression analyses of four mood measures confirmed higher anxiety and depressed mood in the high-risk group. Moods varied by location and social context, with significant differences between groups in two specific social contexts. First, when with family, low-risk adolescents felt less depressed than when alone, whereas high-risk adolescents felt more depressed. Second, high-risk adolescents showed more pronounced anxiety in social situations outside the network of family and friends. These findings point to everyday social contexts in which young adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems appear to be particularly vulnerable. 相似文献
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Petri Laukka Clas Linnman Fredrik Åhs Anna Pissiota Örjan Frans Vanda Faria Åsa Michelgård Lieuwe Appel Mats Fredrikson Tomas Furmark 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2008,32(4):195-214
This study investigated the effects of anxiety on nonverbal aspects of speech using data collected in the framework of a large
study of social phobia treatment. The speech of social phobics (N = 71) was recorded during an anxiogenic public speaking task both before and after treatment. The speech samples were analyzed
with respect to various acoustic parameters related to pitch, loudness, voice quality, and temporal aspects of speech. The
samples were further content-masked by low-pass filtering (which obscures the linguistic content of the speech but preserves
nonverbal affective cues) and subjected to listening tests. Results showed that a decrease in experienced state anxiety after
treatment was accompanied by corresponding decreases in (a) several acoustic parameters (i.e., mean and maximum voice pitch,
high-frequency components in the energy spectrum, and proportion of silent pauses), and (b) listeners’ perceived level of
nervousness. Both speakers’ self-ratings of state anxiety and listeners’ ratings of perceived nervousness were further correlated
with similar acoustic parameters. The results complement earlier studies on vocal affect expression which have been conducted
on posed, rather than authentic, emotional speech. 相似文献