西方环境伦理学对非西方国家的作用

文章追溯了西方环境伦理学在西方近代自然诗、风景画、景观园林和博物学中的起源,指出西方环境伦理学对于非西方国家的借鉴作用,但非西方国家不必照搬西方环境伦理学中那些有争议的概念,而必须从自己的传统研究环境伦理学。     

The Problem Is Fraud: Is the Solution Government Bounties?

Whistle‐blowing is the disclosure of organizational wrongdoing by internal or external parties either within the organization or publicly to outsiders who may be able to effect a positive change in action or activities. Organizations have been encouraged, especially since the passage in 2002 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, to establish a culture in which whistle‐blowing is seen as a positive mechanism to correct misconduct rather than a negative attack. This article addresses (1) whistle‐blowing in relationship fraud and (2) governmental “bounties” paid to persons who are willing to provide knowledge of organizational transgressions. The fraud could occur through a variety of mechanisms but, regardless of the fraud's cause, the long‐run result will be harmful to the organization, its employees, its customers, and the society in which the organization operates. The question is whether bounties are the most effective means by which to reduce the harm created by fraud.     

西方环境伦理学在非西方国家中的地位：西方面对东方

西方环境伦理学的历史及西方自然美学的变化风景园林受中国园林影响的例子,说明西方环境伦理观在特定文化下只有通过内化的方式才能被当地文化所接受。西方环境伦理学存在着三个最富争议的问题,即人类中心主义与非人类中心主义的区别,内在价值的理念及自然权力的概念;非西方国家在通过内化西方环境伦理学时应避免陷入对以上问题的争议。西方环境伦理学对东方只具有相对的借鉴意义,要想在特定文化下创造出一个被广泛接受的新的环境伦理,除了对西方环境伦理的吸收、消化外,还需创造出适应当地人及文化的环境伦理话语;东西方应以不同的方式创造各自的环境伦理学。     

Postmarital Living Arrangements in Historically Patrilocal Settings: Integrating Household Fission and Migration Perspectives

This study integrates theory and research on household fission (or partition) and migration to better understand living arrangements following marriage, especially in historically patrilocal and primarily agricultural settings. Using panel data from the Chitwan Valley Family Study to analyze the sequential decision-making process that influences men’s living arrangements subsequent to first marriage, we demonstrate the importance of distinguishing among extended family living, temporary migration, and the establishment of an independent household. We find that community economic characteristics, such as access to markets or employment, as well as household wealth affect the initial decision to leave the natal home. Household resources and use of farmland, along with the young men’s own education, media exposure, travel, and marital behavior, influence the decision to make the departure from the natal home permanent. Our findings explain why previous results regarding household fission and those focused on migration have provided such mixed results, and we establish a new framework for thinking about how families and individuals manage living situations.     

环境伦理学中权利概念的替代

本文回顾了环境伦理学中权利概念的两个起源,详细讨论了不同时期环境伦理学家们对此概念的争议,说明非人类自然拥有权利的观点存在着诸多问题;在此基础上,对环境伦理学家们所提出的五种对自然权利概念的替代进行了分析和评述。     

宗教与两方环境伦理学

林恩怀特争论始于怀特关于对基督教进行重新思考或者由非西方宗教取而代之的呼吁。林恩怀特争论已经被证明成为处理环境危机的一个障碍。由此而起的对基督教的辩护制约了亚洲和其他比较环境伦理学在西方的发展,没有产生对环境有益的结果。无论何时,当人们谈及宗教和环境的关系的时候,讨论都会迅速转向有关基督教对环境危机责任的讨论。这一争论的关键在于,怀特的论文在很多方面是对的:基督教的确在相当大的程度上造成了自然的世俗化,并且在中世纪,基督教在政治上对现在看来有害的人口增长的政策提供了支持,促进了科学和技术的发展,很多诸如此类的政策已经被证明对环境是有害的。但是,基督教还存在另一种对环境友好的传统,Assisi城的"圣芳济"运动就是其中一例,这种传统也许对于从环境角度重新认识基督教是有益的。但是,对于非西方国家环境伦理的发展,基督教将很难能够有所作为,非西方宗教也不大可能成功地在西方产生出某种环境伦理。因此,对于研究宗教的学者们而言,重要的是要走出谁应该为环境危机受到指责的争论,找到世界各主要宗教如何在其各自的文化范围内对发展环境伦理提供最佳帮助的方法。     

Student-faculty perceptions of multicultural training in accredited marriage and family therapy programs in relation to students' self-reported competence

Although the marriage and family therapy field's recent attention to multicultural issues is laudable, there appears to be little clarity on what constitutes an effective multicultural training program and the impact of the effects of such training on trainee multicultural competence. The field continues to be challenged at different levels-training, practice, research, the setting of the standards and the work of the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education, and the goals and strategic plan of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy Board. This study focused on assessing the extent of multicultural integration at different levels of training and the relationship between such training and students' perception of their own multicultural competence.     

Environment,Development, and Water in Academia: A Critical Network Perspective

The world is currently confronting two water crises, a developmental crisis concerning populations who lack access to water and an environmental crisis regarding water scarcity and freshwater resource depletion. Are we as academics addressing the complexity of these issues? Using network analysis of over 5,000 articles that address water development and water scarcity, I generate a co-citation network to identify the overlap between development and environmental water literatures in academic journals. The results suggest that the development literature only has a 6.28 percent overlap with the environmental literature and the environmental literature has a mere 1.92 percent overlap. Overall, this research suggests that there is an extreme lack of academic articles that address water scarcity and water development concurrently. Until we as an academic community become more nuanced in our studies of water, we will lack a full understanding of how to solve these seemingly contradictory problems. I conclude by drawing on critical Marxist and “Frankfurt School” perspectives to explain this apparent disconnect.     

Economic and Social Impacts on Well-Being: A Cross-National Multilevel Analysis of Determinants of Access to Water and Sanitation

Development research identifies water and sanitation access as vital indicators of well-being. Despite recent improvements, billions still lack access. Case studies and cross-national research reveal that economic and social processes are associated with water and sanitation access. However, prior research does not control for factors associated with access at multiple levels of analysis. This analysis uses hierarchical generalized linear models for 640,506 households nested within 49 nations to fill this gap. The findings suggest that household wealth and education have robust effects on water and sanitation access, while national characteristics have smaller effects. Furthermore, intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrate that cross-national analyses miss up to 78 percent of variation by not accounting for subnational variation. While the results highlight the importance of subnational factors, cross-level interactions between household wealth and education and national characteristics reveal how household wealth and education affect access differently depending on national context. This study synthesizes theories of economic growth and societal capabilities at multiple levels of analysis for understanding water and sanitation access within and between countries.