Remittances,growth and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries

The present study re-examines the effects of remittances on growth of GDP per capita using annual panel data for 24 Asia and Pacific countries. The results generally confirm that remittance flows have been beneficial to economic growth. However, our analysis also shows that the volatility of capital inflows such as remittances and FDI is harmful to economic growth. This means that, while remittances contribute to better economic performance, they are also a source of output shocks. Finally, remittances contribute to poverty reduction – especially through their direct effects. Migration and remittances are thus potentially a valuable complement to broad-based development efforts.     

ATTRIBUTION ERROR IN ECONOMIC VOTING: EVIDENCE FROM TRADE SHOCKS

This article exploits the international transmission of business cycles to examine the prevalence of attribution error in economic voting in a large panel of countries from 1990 to 2009. We find that voters, on average, exhibit a strong tendency to oust the incumbent governments during an economic downturn, regardless of whether the recession is home‐grown or merely imported from trading partners. However, we find important heterogeneity in the extent of attribution error. A split sample analysis shows that countries with more experienced voters, more educated voters, and possibly more informed voters—all conditions that have been shown to mitigate other voter agency problems—do better in distinguishing imported from domestic growth. (JEL E3, E6)     

A new method to control houseflies,Musca domestica, at waste disposal sites

Summary Investigation was carried out from 1976 to 1979 to establish a new control system against the houseflies,Musca domestica, at a sea-filling waste disposal site in Osaka Bay, Japan. Field surveys showed that the garbage was favorble for the fly breeding for 20–30 days after being disposed, while the sewage sludge and the ash from incinerated refuse were unfavorable. Comparing the fly density at the site to the reported cases of the public complaints in the urban area near to the site, a complaint threshold density of the flies at the site was estimated. Then, a control threshold density was assumed from the complaint threshold density and the reproductive rate of the housefly population. Several insecticides, as well as a surface active agent, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (PEL), were found effective for the temporary suppression of the fly density. Based on the results obtained, the following control system was worked out. 1) Refuse is disposed onto the same area as other inorganic wastes to deteriorate the capacity of breeding sources. 2) The fly density is examined on newly disposed refuse almost everyday by landfill operators. 3) PEL is sprayed when the density slightly exceeds the control threshold density. If the density increases rather higher, insecticide should be used. 4) The disposed refuse is covered with soil or other inorganic wastes on every weekend or every other weekend by 15 cm thickness. Success in both fly control and reduction of the amounts of insecticides sprayed was achieved by a field application of this new control system.     

Control of insecticide resistance in a field population of houseflies,Musca domestica, by releasing susceptible flies

Summary Susceptible houseflies,Musca domestica, were released at a waste disposal site to control insecticide resistance in a field housefly population. In the first experiment, a total of 163,000 pupae of the susceptible Takatsuki strain were released in October–November 1977. LD₅₀ values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one-sixth in April 1978, five months after the releases, of those before the releases. For the second experiment, a susceptible colony was derived by cross and backcross between a white-eyed substrain of the Takatsuki and a field colony. This susceptible colony consisted of whiteeyed flies with low activity and normal-eyed flies bearing no or one white eye gene. The results of large cage experiments suggested that the normal-eyed males of the susceptible colony had half the mating competitiveness of wild males. Approximately 31,000–46,000 susceptible pupae were used in each of five releases from October to November 1980. The population number of each sex, estimated by a mark-release-recapture method, increased from 12,000 in late September to 35,000–43,000 in middle November and then decreased to 5,000–8,000 in early December. The frequency of field-collected males bearing one white eye gene and those bearing one male determining factor, which were characteristics of the susceptible colony released, increased gradually during the period of releases. The susceptibility of the field population to fenitrothion and diazinon was examined five times in the period from September to December 1980. With time, the dosage-mortality regression gradually shifted towards that of the susceptible colony after starting the releases. LD₅₀ values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one-sixth and one-fifth, respectively, in June 1981, six months after the second series of susceptible fly releases, of those before the releases. Ratios of the wild flies to the released fiies were estimated to be between 4.7∶1 and 9.8∶1 in males and between 3.0∶1 and 3.9∶1 in females by taking the quality of the released colony and the population parameters of the field houseflies into consideration. Under several assumptions, the manner of resistant phenotype reduction was discussed, based on the dosage-mortality regressions and the ratios of released flies. These results showed that the releases of susceptible flies were successful in suppression of insecticide resistance in the field housefly population.     

Population dynamics of houseflies,Musca domestica, on experimentally accumulated refuse

Summary The population dynamics of the housefly,Musca domestica, on patchy and unstable habitats consisting of refuse was investigated at a waste disposal site by using sticky flypaper and mark-release-recapture technique (Jolly-Seber's method). The newly disposed garbage was favorable for breeding of the flies for about one month after being disposed, while a mixture of garbage and ash from incinerated refuse was less favorable. On the garbage under favorable conditions, the rates of population increase was 1.25–2.82 per day, and approximately 1300–1500 flies were produced per square meter within the available period of one month. The rapid decrease in the fly density was observed just after the appearance of high density peaks. The mark-release-recapture study suggested that this rapid decrease would be mainly due to the density-dependent emigration of adult flies from the patchy habitats. The emigration was also activated when the time after garbage disposition became long.     

The impact of U.S. immigration upon internal migration

The potential adverse effect of immigrants on job opportunities for natives continues to influence debate about immigration policy in the United States. Many studies have examined wage and employment outcomes; by contrast, we examine internal migration. We ask whether or not natives are more likely to depart from or less likely to move to metropolitan areas with high concentrations of immigrants. After controlling for other influences on migration, we find that metropolitan areas with higher concentrations of immigrants have only slightly lower rates of inmigration of natives. Such metropolitan areas also exhibit slightly lower rates of out-migration, contrary to expectation. These results suggest that the effect of immigrants on labor market redistribution of natives is modest.Research reported here was supported by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. We would like to thank Kofi Benefo for helpful comments.     

Bayesian Estimation of Dynamic Discrete Choice Models

We propose a new methodology for structural estimation of infinite horizon dynamic discrete choice models. We combine the dynamic programming (DP) solution algorithm with the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm into a single algorithm that solves the DP problem and estimates the parameters simultaneously. As a result, the computational burden of estimating a dynamic model becomes comparable to that of a static model. Another feature of our algorithm is that even though the number of grid points on the state variable is small per solution‐estimation iteration, the number of effective grid points increases with the number of estimation iterations. This is how we help ease the “curse of dimensionality.” We simulate and estimate several versions of a simple model of entry and exit to illustrate our methodology. We also prove that under standard conditions, the parameters converge in probability to the true posterior distribution, regardless of the starting values.     

何谓“法治”——以埃利希（Eugen Ehrlich）的两种法模型为题材

从介绍“法治”思想的三个源流入手，着重介绍埃利希的“活的法”思想，提出了“国家法”与“社会法”两种法模型，并指出在变动的社会里，通过对国家法的适当解释的变迁，法律实践的积累会表现出变动的法律意识，产生出对应于这种法律意识的法律规则以及对既有规则的崭新解释。为东亚法哲学研究以及在东亚区域内实现共同规范的构筑提出了一种新的解决方法。