Traceability in global governance

An increasingly important challenge in global governance, which in some issue areas has been labelled ‘traceability’, has been to track the cross‐border travels of objects that are associated with positive or negative effects. However, the common properties and identifiable patterns of variation of traceability across issue areas or industries have been insufficiently explored. We identify key properties of traceability systems, including the variation and interactions between the physical properties of the traced object, the positive or negative effects with which it is associated, the monitoring technology, and the institutionalized power relations that activate and constrain traceability systems. We examine and compare traceability systems for food safety, conflict minerals, pharmaceuticals, carbon emissions, money laundering and financial transactions. Understanding traceability in this way is important not only for these cases, but also for understanding interactions between objects, infrastructures, as well as monitoring and political mechanisms in global governance more generally.     

DOES THE RIVER SPILL OVER? ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC RETURNS TO ATTENDING A RACIALLY DIVERSE COLLEGE

This article evaluates the frequently argued but heretofore little tested hypothesis that increasing minority representation in elite colleges generates tangible benefits for majority‐race students. Using data on graduates of 30 selective universities, we find only weak evidence of any relationship between collegiate racial composition and the postgraduation outcomes of white or Asian students. Moreover, the strongest evidence we uncover suggests that increasing minority representation by lowering admission standards is unlikely to produce benefits and may in fact cause harm by reducing the representation of minority students on less selective campuses. While affirmative action may still be desirable for the benefits it conveys to minority students, these results provide little support for “spillover” effects on majority‐race students. (JEL I2, J15, J24)

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STRATEGIES TO SECURE COMPLIANCE FOR A MALL INTERCEPT INTERVIEW

Subjects in a shopping mall were approached with a request toparticipate in a survey. Half the subjects were touched andgazed at by interviewers and the other half were not. Thesenonverbal techniques increased compliance to participate inthe interviewing task and somewhat decreased respondents' perceivedburden. The touch and no-touch groups did not differ in responsequality, apparent response bias, or volunteer bias. Compliancewas related to the gender of the interviewer but not relatedto that of the respondent. Implications for mall intercept surveysare discussed.     

Bayesian Estimation for Quantification by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Under a Branching Process Model of the DNA Molecules Amplification Process

The aim of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction is to determine the initial amount X ₀ of specific nucleic acids from an observed trajectory of the amplification process, the amplification being achieved through successive replication cycles. This process depends on the efficiency {p _n } _n of replication of the DNA molecules, p _n being the probability that a molecule will duplicate at replication cycle n. Assuming p _n  = p for all n, Bayesian estimators of the unknown parameter θ = (p, X ₀) are constructed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods under a Bienaymé-Galton-Watson branching model of the amplification process. The Bayesian approach takes into account some prior information on the parameter. Relying on simulated data, the proposed Bayesian estimators and their credibility sets are shown to be quite accurate.     

Identity and social distance: towards understanding Simmel's ‘The Stranger’*

On fait répandre dans cette étude le concept de Simmel de ‘Der Fremde’ (c'est-à-dire, l'Etranger), même jusqu'aux communautés du type ‘étranger’ que développent les minorités dans leurs enclaves ethniques. Lorsqu'il introduit l'ideé générale de ‘distance sociale,’ Simmel pose, parmi d'autres rapports, l'existence d'une association positive entre, d'une part, l'identification avec la solidarité du groupe primaire et, d'autre part, l'augmentation de la distance sociale d'avec les groupes secondaires. On démontre dans cette étude que, plus l'identité du groupe primaire ethnique s'accroît, plus s'accroît également la distance sociale d'avec les groupes secondaires. Pourtant il en existe des variations. Quand on essayait d'expliquer ce phénomène de distance sociale on trouvait que l'identité ethnique en était, elle, une mesure plus significative qu'était celle du rang socioéconomique. Lorsque l'on comparait, les uns aux autres, les individus que l'on pourrait appeler ‘high identifiers’ (c'est-à-dire, ceux ayant tendance à s' identifier étroitement avec l'identité ethnique du groupe) dans chacun des groupes ethniques, on constatait que l'origine ethnique elle-même existait comme facteur pour expliquer la distance sociale. C'étaient surtout les FranGais qui, eux, ne se conformaient pas au modèle du type ‘identification agrandie’ (menant à une) ‘distance sociale agrandie.’ Ces étudiants français démontraient très peu de distance sociale; et l'on trouvait bien peu d'évidence pour faire révéler des préjugés chez eux, - quoiqu'ils préférassent se marier avec les Européens plutôt qu'avec les non-Européens. Plusieurs parties de cette étude viennent à l'appui, dans leur fond, de l'affiirmation de Simmel: la solidarité du groupe primaire se rapporte, en fait, à la distance sociale d'avec les groupes secondaires. D'ailleurs celui-ci reste un phénomène complexe qui exige: une conceptualisation bien plus précise; des moyens de mesure plus sensibles; et enfin, une classification en plus, et de l' ‘identité’ et de la ‘distance,’ ces deux variables que l'on considère dans la présence étude. This paper extends Simmel's concept ‘Der Fremde’ (the stranger) to stranger-type communities which minorities develop in ethnic enclaves. When Simmel introduced the concept of social distance, he posed, among other relationships, the existence of a positive association between identification with ingroup solidarity and an increase in social distance from outgroups. This study of Canadian university students demonstrates that as ethnic ingroup identity increases social distance from outgroups also increases. There are some variations, however. Ethnic identity was more important in explaining social distance than was socioeconomic status. When high identifiers within each ethnic group were compared it was found that ethnic origin was a factor. The French especially did not conform to the high-identity-high-distance pattern. The students demonstrated relatively little social distance, and there was little evidence that students were prejudiced, although they preferred to marry Europeans rather than non-Europeans. Some parts of the study support Simmel's contention that ingroup solidarity is associated with social distance from outgroups, but it is a complex phenomenon which requires more precise conceptualization, more sensitive means of measurement, and further sorting out of nearness and farness (identity and distance) factors to which this study addresses itself.     

SCALING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: HOME COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Does differential access to computer technology at home compound the educational disparities between rich and poor? Would a program of government provision of computers to early secondary school students reduce these disparities? We use administrative data on North Carolina public school students to corroborate earlier surveys that document broad racial and socioeconomic gaps in home computer access and use. Using within‐student variation in home computer access, and across‐ZIP code variation in the timing of the introduction of high‐speed Internet service, we also demonstrate that the introduction of home computer technology is associated with modest, but statistically significant and persistent negative impacts on student math and reading test scores. Further evidence suggests that providing universal access to home computers and high‐speed Internet access would broaden, rather than narrow, math and reading achievement gaps. (JEL I2, J24)     

SOUTH AFRICA'S PRESS RESTRICTIONS EFFECTS ON PRESS COVERAGE AND PUBLIC OPINION TOWARD SOUTH AFRICA

The 2 November 1985 ban on photographic and sound recordingsby the South African government provided an opportunity to investigatehypotheses concerning the effect of the ban on U.S. media coverageof South Africa and on public opinion toward South Africa. Wehypothesized that the ban would result in (1) a decrease incoverage of protest-related stories, (2) a tapering off of thevolume of coverage, and (3) a decline in the prominence of theSouth Africa story. We further hypothesized that (4) all ofthese effects would be stronger for broadcast than for printmedia, that (5) if the press ban reduced coverage of eventsin South Africa, there would be less attentiveness to the SouthAfrican problem among the general public in the United States,and that (6) sympathy for the black population would decreaseas a result of the press restrictions. We found that the press restrictions did not have the effectspredicted, either on press coverage or on United States publicopinion. Relative to levels of political violence in South Africa,coverage levels did decline. However, the decline did not occurabruptly in November, but appeared as a continuation of decreasesthat had already begun in September, prior to the press restrictions.     

Context and Contiguity in Survey Questionnaires

Previous experiments have shown an order effect for two adjacentitems, one concerning the admittance of American reporters toRussia and the other concerning the admittance of Communistreporters to the U.S. The experiment reported here found thatthis effect remained when the two items were separated by aseries of 17 other unrelated questions.     

Context Effects on Survey Responses to Questions About Abortion

The proportion of favorable responses to a general questionabout abortion was significantly smaller in an NORC survey thanwere responses to the same item in an SRC survey. We hypothesizedthat questionnaire context was the main source of the difference–inone survey the general item followed a more specific questionabout abortion–and carried out two split-ballot questionorder experiments that provide strong support for the hypothesis.The context effect seems to arise from the generality of theabortion question; the specific question itself showed no changedue to context. Furthermore, there is some evidence that ambivalencetoward the issue of abortion is a factor in the sensitivityof the general question to context. The context effect in theseexperiments is also notable for producing contrast rather thanconsistency between responses to adjacent questions on the sameissue. Implications of the findings for the study of socialchange are emphasized.