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1.
We study interdependent risks in security, and shed light on the economic and policy implications of increasing security interdependence in presence of reactive attackers. We investigate the impact of potential public policy arrangements on the security of a group of interdependent organizations, namely, airports. Focusing on security expenditures and costs to society, as assessed by a social planner, to individual airports and to attackers, we first develop a game-theoretic framework, and derive explicit Nash equilibrium and socially optimal solutions in the airports network. We then conduct numerical experiments mirroring real-world cyber scenarios, to assess how a change in interdependence impact the airports' security expenditures, the overall expected costs to society, and the fairness of security financing. Our study provides insights on the economic and policy implications for the United States, Europe, and Asia. 相似文献
2.
Julian Besag 《Journal of applied statistics》1993,20(5-6):107-119
Many of the tasks encountered in image processing can be considered as problems in statistical inference. In particular, they fit naturally into a subjectivist Bayesis framework. In this paper, we describe the Bayesian approach to image analysis. Numerical examples are not included but references are given. It is argued that the Bayesian approach, still in its infancy, has considerable potential for future development. 相似文献
3.
Joe Caldwell 《Disability & Society》2007,22(6):549-562
The current study explores the experiences of families with relatives with intellectual and developmental disabilities participating in a consumer-directed support program in the USA. The Illinois Home Based Support Services Program provides a limited budget to purchase and manage services. However, within recent years the program has faced cuts and changes. This context provided a rich environment to explore the benefits of the program, as well as oppressive forces creating barriers to the control of financial resources by individuals with disabilities and their families. Financial benefits, benefits from respite and personal assistance services and prevention of undesirable institutional placements were major themes that emerged and triangulated with previous research. The following themes emerged concerning barriers to the control of financial resources: provider and professional control, disability as a deserving group, fraud and abuse perceptions and familism. These themes appear to fit well within a social model of disability applied to the family. 相似文献
4.
Julian L. Simon 《Journal of Labor Research》1992,13(1):73-78
VII. Conclusion The number of immigrants now coming to the United States is proportionally only a fraction of the number that came in earlier
years, and there is nothing in those numbers to suggest a difficult absorption burden. Immigrants, both legal and illegal,
more than pay for the services they use with the taxes they pay, leaving a considerable net surplus that benefits American
citizens. Immigrants raise productivity and do not cause an observable amount of unemployment of citizens. Admitting far more
immigrants into the country than the law now allows would have positive effects on the incomes of citizens, and would enhance
the continuing vitality of the United States. 相似文献
5.
6.
Qualitative Sociology - 相似文献
7.
Minorities and females are underrepresented in the top-income quintile of law school graduates. Employing a binary logistic
regression model, I examine whether this is due to a“glass ceiling” (an invisible barrier erected by third parties) or a“sticky
floor” (self-imposed limitations regarding employment). My major finding is that being female, a minority, or disabled did
not significantly reduce one's probability of making the top-income quintile once hours of work, experience, and other factors
are taken into account. My findings directly contradict the large body of glass-ceiling literature and support the sticky-floor
model.
I thank the Law School Admission Council for funding this research. Helpful comments and suggestions were received from Robert
Nelson of Northwestern University and the American Bar Foundation, Steven Conroy of the University of West Florida, and R.
Kim Craft and Douglas Bonzo of Southern Utah University. The views expressed here are solely those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect those of the institutions or persons listed above. 相似文献
8.
This study examines how two aspects of formalization of grievance procedures affect grievance procedure effectiveness: written
versus oral presentation of grievance and the level of union and management authorized to resolve grievances at the first
step. Several demographic variables were controlled for: size of bargaining unit, percentage of organization represented,
number of grievances filed, and industry. A sample of 46 firms, representing a broad cross-section of unionized companies
in the private sector, was obtained with the help of the American Arbitration Association. Results indicate that more formal
grievance procedures (e.g., written presentation) are positively related to resolution rates at the first step. The number
of grievances field and the size of the bargaining unit were positively related to total resolution rates prior to arbitration.
We thank the American Arbitration Association for making this study possible. 相似文献
9.
Standard decision theoretic models disregard the phenomenon of interpersonal dependency of preferences. In this paper it is argued that interpersonal dependency of preferences is a serious challenge for standard utility theory. First we sketch the more philosophical aspects of the problem and then, using a simple, formal model for the two-person case, we show that interpersonal dependency of preferences generally results in indeterminacy of preferences (resp. of subjective utility). 相似文献
10.