Zum Einfluss regionaler Arbeitslosigkeit auf Einstellungen zur sozialen Gerechtigkeit

Im Vordergrund des Beitrags steht die Erweiterung der bisherigen Erkl?rungsans?tze zu Einstellungen zur sozialen Gerechtigkeit, welche sich vornehmlich auf rationale Motive im Hinblick auf die soziale Position und normative Wertvorstellungen aus dem kulturellen Kontext beziehen. Diese traditionellen Ans?tze werden um Einflüsse der regionalen Arbeitslosigkeit erg?nzt. Eine zentrale Rolle nimmt dabei zun?chst die theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Einfluss des regionalen Kontextes auf Einstellungen und Handlungen im Allgemeinen ein. Ausgehend von Boudons cognitivist model werden diese Mechanismen anschlie?end in ein umfassendes theoretisches Konzept zusammen mit den rationalen und normativen Einflussfaktoren integriert. In einem zweiten Schritt wird das erweiterte theoretische Modell mit Hilfe von Mehrebenenmodellen empirisch überprüft. Datenbasis sind zum einen die Umfragedaten des International Social Justice Project aus 2006 und zum anderen die Informationen zu Raumordnungsregionen der Arbeitsmarktstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Die empirischen Analysen unterstützen weitgehend die Untersuchung von regionalen Einflussfaktoren neben individuellen Merkmalen.     

The subpoena and a day in court: guidelines for nurses

Psychiatric nurses or therapists may be subpoenaed to appear as direct or expert witnesses. The response must be carefully prepared, and nurses must be aware that testifying in court can be an anxiety-provoking experience. Testifying often involves being an advocate for a client. Clients who have a mental illness, are developmentally disabled, or have a history of abuse or recent violence deserve a conscientious response. The legal process is the avenue for providing safety or empowerment, for assuring that needs are met, and rights are obtained, and being part of that process is an important role. Being prepared for the role is essential.     

Living on the Edge: Neighborhood Boundaries and the Spatial Dynamics of Violent Crime

Neighborhood boundaries are a defining aspect of highly segregated urban areas. Yet, few studies examine the particular challenges and spatial processes that occur at the bordering region between two neighborhoods. Extending the growing literature on spatial interdependence, this article argues that neighborhood boundaries—defined as sharp changes in the racial or socioeconomic composition of neighborhoods—are a salient feature of the spatial structure with implications for violent crime and other outcomes. Boundaries lack the social control and cohesion of adjacent homogeneous areas, are contested between groups provoking intergroup conflict, and create opportunities for criminal behavior. This article presents evidence linking racial neighborhood boundaries to increased violent crime. The findings illustrate the importance of neighborhood boundaries for our understanding of spatial dimensions of population dynamics above and beyond the characteristics of neighborhoods.     

MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS,EXPECTATIONS, AND INFORMATION RIGIDITIES

This paper contributes to the literature by assessing expectation effects from monetary policy for G7 economies. We rely on expectation data from Consensus Economics and a panel vector autoregression framework, which accounts for international spillovers and time‐variation. We analyze whether monetary policy has changed the degree of information rigidity after the emergence of the subprime crisis and estimate effects of interest rate changes on expectations, disagreements, and forecast errors. We find strong evidence for information rigidities and identify higher forecast errors by professionals after monetary policy shocks. Our results suggest that the international transmission of monetary policy shocks introduces noisy information and partly increases disagreement among forecasters. (JEL E31, E52)     

Preschoolers prefer in‐group to out‐group members,but equally condemn their immoral acts

Previous research has shown that young children robustly display in‐group favoritism; that is, they favor in‐group over out‐group members. Moreover, preschoolers also consider information on morality in their evaluations of others. In the present study, we integrated both aspects: In particular, fifty‐six 4‐ to 6‐year‐old preschoolers were assigned to minimal groups and observed either prosocial or antisocial acts conducted by either an in‐group or an out‐group member. After observing these behaviors, children's liking and sharing were significantly higher for moral compared to immoral actors. In addition, children's liking and sharing were substantially higher for in‐group compared to out‐group actors. However, when children were directly asked to morally evaluate the actor's conduct, no in‐group favoritism emerged: In particular, children evaluated immoral acts conducted by an in‐group or an out‐group agent as equally bad/wrong and similarly claimed that these acts deserve punishment. These findings demonstrate that preschoolers differentially weigh information on group membership and moral valence depending on the type of evaluation, namely sharing and liking versus explicit moral evaluations of others’ conduct.     

Mentoring. Perceptions of the process and its significance

My recommendations are to learn about the mentoring process, prepare for the role, and take advantage of the opportunity to mentor someone, or many people, throughout your professional lifetime. In the process, you will learn about your cognitive, affective, and behavioral competencies and gifts. Share them. Join me and other mentors in knowing that you have opened doors and contributed in more than the usual ways to both well and ill people, to both present and future leaders in nursing or other disciplines, in whatever role, and to society in general. Deepen your generativity.     

DYNAMIC DISAGGREGATE CHOICE MODELS,WITH AN APPLICATION IN TRANSPORTATION

A standard assumption of disaggregate mode-choice models is that an individual faced with a choice among several available alternative transportation modes compares their utilities. These utilities are almost always expressed as a linear composite measure of various perceived benefits which are assumed constant. However, the individual's perceptions change as he learns, acquires new habits, or adapts to different physical, economic, and social circumstances. In order to account for these changes, two dynamic models of model-choice behavior are developed herein. These two models are based on two common postulates. (1) One alternative is preferred over another only if the absolute difference in their utilities exceeds a positive constant; otherwise, the decision maker is indifferent toward the two alternatives. (2) If an alternative is preferred, it will be chosen with certainty. In the indifference state, the individual is postulated to randomly choose one of the two alternatives (Model 1) or choose the same alternative as was most recently chosen (Model 2). Choice probabilities derived from these two models are shown to differ from those obtained using the conventional logit model. If there is a strong loyalty toward a mode, the logit model underestimates its choice probability when that mode is less attractive than the competing mode. The results are illustrated using numerical examples.     

Affiliation motivates children’s prosocial behaviors: Relating helping and comforting to imitation

The current study focuses on the motivation that drives children's prosocial behavior by analyzing the association between prosocial behavior and children's imitative tendencies, which is a well‐established indicator of the motivation to affiliate with others. Therefore, we tested 30‐month‐old children (N = 59) in an imitation task and two domains of prosocial behavior, namely helping and comforting. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, we demonstrated that the two prosocial domains were explained by a common factor, which was in turn significantly related to children's imitation. Overall, our findings suggest that affiliative motives should be considered in order to better understand children's motivations to engage in prosocial behaviors.