科举世家的再生产——以明清时期常州科举世家为例

本文以考察明清时期的科举世家的形成过程,来窥见明清时期社会流动性的一斑。对于常州科举世家之一的恽家,以他们的族谱为主要的资料,实行统计性的分析。根据族谱的《世表》,把父子关系、个人属性表现在表格上。使用在表格上的数据,以Odds ratio来测定科举地位的继承率。其结果,关于地位继承,围绕科举合格者的祖父,父亲,母亲,姊妹各有独立性的影响力,尤其是母亲(包括她娘家人)和姊妹(包括她婆家人)的影响比较强。考察族谱传记等的记载。可以发现督课、家学等科举世家特有的文化资本与规范,母亲也在娘家承受过这些资本等,父母祖父互相补缺,完备家庭的文化环境,子女自然地体会到他们所属的文化。承受家学的女儿有机会跟地位比自己父祖高的家族结亲。在本家衰落的乾道时期,通过那些姻亲之间的教育援助,让本家人员返回到科第连绵的道路。可见对于科举世家的形成过程,女性起到了关键性的作用。     

Changing family structures of Nepalese transmigrants in Japan: split‐households and dual‐wage earners

Abstract Based on surveys and interviews conducted in Japan and Nepal, this study of Nepalese labour migration to Japan examines the changing patterns of family responses to international migration, the increasing participation of married women in the global labour force, and the implications of these changes for households, communities and the Nepalese economy. The split‐household family has long supported sojourning males of Tibeto–Burman linguistic groups as Gurkha soldiers in Indian and British Armies before returning to Nepal upon retirement. As women have increasingly left Nepal to take advantage of overseas employment, a pattern of husband–wife migration has emerged, with children being left in the hands of relatives – the dual‐wage earner family. Thus, Nepal has recently witnessed the development of transnational families and individuals whose work, residence and life trajectories extend beyond the nation‐state.