航空大都市:21世纪的商业流动性与城市竞争力

航空网络与主要机场推动并形成21世纪的经济地区和城市发展。航空大都市是全球化与本土化结合的场所。在速度优势成为一种成本优势的今天,"速度经济"的重要性堪比规模经济和范围经济等概念。本文从商业流动性与城市竞争力的角度,分析航空大都市开发与可持续"智慧增长"能够并且应该齐头并进的原因及存在问题。     

How female education reduces fertility: models and needed research

Although the correlation between female education and fertility has been documented, the operators that link greater female education to lower fertility at either the individual or aggregate levels have not been specified or submitted to systematic empirical tests. Discovering which aspects of female education account for reduced fertility requires a refined conceptualization of the education-fertility relationship as well as identification of all the causal variables and operators that mediate the effects of female education. A series of propositions from the research literature regarding indirect effects of female education on fertility through effects on age at marriage or first conception, labor force participation, social mobility, economic utility of children, exposure to mass media, knowledge and use of contraception, husband-wife communication, and infant mortality are set forth along with their rationale and empirical support. These propositions are supplemented by 1 on the direct effects and 3 on the interaction effects of female education on fertility. A block-recursive model is presented by means of which the 12 propositions can be brought together and assessed. A methodology for applying appropriate statistical procedures to World Fertility Survey or other high quality data arranged in the form of multivariate models in order to decompose the direct, indirect and joint effects of female education is then proposed and discussed.     

Effects of Personnel Turnover, Employee Qualifications, and Professional Staff Ratios on Administrative Intensity and Overhead

This study reports the results of a quantitative analysis of the influence of organizational characteristics on the proportion of administrative personnel (administration intensity) and the relative costs of administrative functions (administrative overhead). A number of propositions linking organization size, resources, personnel turnover, employee qualifications and professional staff ratios to administrative intensity and overhead are put forth. One hundred and thirty school systems serve as the units of analysis. Results show that high personnel turnover raises both administrative intensity and overhead; that large professional staff ratios expand administrative intensity, and that high employee qualifications depress the relative costs of administration.     

Economic structure and fertility: A comparative analysis

This study empirically investigates the relationship between the economic structure of populations and their level of fertility, using data from censuses recently conducted in some 50 nations. Findings show that high rates of female labor force participation outside the home and low rates of economic activity of children depress a society’s fertility level, as measured by the crude birth rate or the child-woman ratio. It is also hypothesized, but not confirmed, that the per cent of unpaid family workers in a society is positively related to its fertility level. A model is presented that treats these three components of economic structure as intervening variables through which the exogenous variables, urbanization, industrialization, and education, operate in influencing the fertility level of a society.