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Yosihiko Ogata Koichi Katsura Masaharu Tanemura 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》2003,52(4):499-509
Summary. Earthquake intensities are modelled as a function of previous activity whose specific form is based on established empirical laws in seismology, but whose parameter values can vary from place to place. This model is used for characterizing regional features of seismic activities in and around Japan, and also for exploring regions where the actual seismicity rate systematically deviates from that of the modelled rate. 相似文献
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Summary We performed multiple-generation competition experiments betweenCallosobruchus analis andC. phaseoli with different bean sizes. In each system, we supplied 5 g of mung beans (Vigna radiata) every 10 days. We examined three types of bean conditions: 5 g of large beans, 5 g of small beans, and a mixture of 2.5
g of large and small beans. In small bean condition,C. analis dominatedC. phaseoli in all three replicates andC. phaseoli was extinct by the 260th day. On the contrary,C. phaseoli overcameC. analis within 250 days in large beans in all three replicates. In mixed beans condition the two bruchid species coexisted more than
500 days in two out of the three replicates. Even in the exceptional case, both species coexisted for 460 days. These results
were examined in the light of the predictions from short-term larval competition experiments and a game theoretical model
by Smith and Lessells (1985). The density and frequency dependent results during larval competition inside a bean was concluded
to be a main factor to produce the above long-term competition results. 相似文献
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Marc Fleurbaey Koichi Tadenuma 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2007,75(4):1143-1174
We study how to evaluate allocations independently of individual preferences over unavailable commodities. We prove impossibility results that suggest that such evaluations encounter serious difficulties. This is related to the well known problem of performing international comparisons of standard of living across countries with different consumption goods. We show how possibility results can be retrieved with restrictions on the domain of preferences, on the application of the independence axiom, or on the set of allocations to be ranked. Such restrictions appear more plausible when the objects of evaluation are allocations of composite commodities, characteristics, or human functionings rather than ordinary commodities. 相似文献
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Summary Simulation model for niche shift in ecological time scale was constructed on the basis of the optimal foraging theory. In
accordance with the previous experimental study (Shimada andFujii, 1985), the model competitive system consisted of 2 parasitoid wasp species utilizing 4 host stages. Wasps were assumed to
choose host stages in the manner that they realized the maximal gain/cost values, where gain was represented by body weight
of a wasp progeny emerging from each host stage and cost was expressed by time required to search for and detect an unparasitized
host. The number of parasitized hosts in each host stage was calculated numerically by usingArditt's (1983) model for avoidance of superparasitism.
The model simulated well the experimental results ofShimada andFujii (1985) andShimada (1985). Sensitivity analysis of the model showed that the experimentally derived criterion for competitive coexistence (different
second-best host stages between competing species even with the common best) was not necessarily the indispensable condition
for niche shift and separation, but that if the criterion was not satisfied, stable competitive coexistence occurred only
in the narrow range of the parametric values. Further, niche shift in ecological time scale made the competitive coexistence
more stable than fixed niche on which the current niche theory stands. 相似文献
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Koichi Tadenuma 《Social Choice and Welfare》2005,24(3):455-473
The Pareto principle is often in conflict with the equity criteria in construction of social preferences: there exist two allocations x and y such that x Pareto dominates y, but y is an equitable allocation whereas x is not. The efficiency-first principle requires to rank an allocation x higher than y if (i) x Pareto dominates y or (ii) x and y are Pareto-noncomparable and x is equitable whereas y is not. The equity-first principle reverses the order of application of the two criteria. Adopting egalitarian-equivalence as the notion of equity, we examine rationality of the social preference functions based on the efficiency-first or the equity-first principle. The degrees of rationality vary widely depending on which principle is adopted, and depending on the range of egalitarian-reference bundles. We show several impossibility and possibility results as well as a characterization of the social preference function introduced by Pazner and Schmeidler (1978). We also identify the sets of maximal elements of the social preference relations in the set of feasible allocations. The results are contrasted with those in the case where no-envy is the notion of equity.This paper is a much extended version of a part of Tadenuma (1998). The author is grateful to Marc Fleurbaey, Serge-Chiristophe Kolm, Kotaro Suzumura, and William Thomson for helpful comments on the earlier version of the paper. ‘‘Financial support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for the 21st Century Center of Excellence Project on the Normative Evaluation and Social Choice of Contemporary Economic Systems is gratefully acknowledged’’. 相似文献
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We analyzed the butterfly communities in the newly designed city parks (area C), “newly opened habitat islands”, of Tsukuba
City, central Japan. The area constituted a natural ecological experiment on the mainland for clarifying the pattern and process
of faunal immigration. We compared butterfly communities in area C with those in two other areas in the light of the theory
of island biogeography and the concept of generalist/specialist. Our results showed the following: (1) Fewer species were
found in area C than in other areas, due largely to the absence of many specialist types, restricted and habitat specialists,
and/or low density species in the area. Generalist types, widespread and habitat generalists, and/or high density species
predominated in area C. (2) The difference in the species numbers among the three sections within area C could be explained
by the habitat structure in and around the respective sections. (3) The densities of many species were low in area C, probably
due to its man-modified habitat structure. In particular, several species occurred at extremely low densities in area C, but
at high densities in other areas. (4) The internal structure of the habitat island butterfly community in area C was almost
perfectly consistent with that of “quasi-equilibrium” communities that appear during the colonization of an island. Our results
demonstrate that the synergetic application of the generalist/specialist concept and the island biogeography theory is effective
for the understanding of the patterns and structures of habitat island communities. 相似文献
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Koichi Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1995,37(2):197-202
Within a population of the web-building spiderAgelena limbata, the weight of the first instar nymphs ranged from 1.187 to 6.559 mg. Both intraclutch and interclutch variation were recorded.
The mean weights were different among clutches and the coefficients of variation within a clutch ranged from 3.3 to 29.2%.
Variation in the nymphal weight was certainly derived from variation in the egg weight because there was a high correlation
between the two weights. Factors affecting interclutch variation in nymphal weight were examined by multiple regression analysis.
Nymphal weight was positively correlated with the body size and food conditions of female parents, and negatively correlated
with the clutch size. Among these three factors, the food conditions of female parents had the largest apparent effect on
the interclutch variation. The results suggest that females with larger body size and more food produce larger offspring,
and that there is a trade-off between offspring size and clutch size. Heavier nymphs had larger body size (carapace width)
and may have larger energy reserves. Heavier nymphs survived experimental starvation for a significantly longer period. 相似文献
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Among many stabilizing factors for community dynamics, nonlinear biological interactions such as type III functional response
have been widely considered to be major characteristics. However, most experimental biological communities employed so far
had quite simple structures. Therefore, the possibility that the conclusions in earlier studies were dependent on simple community
structure is undeniable. In this study, using a multiple-species experimental community, we evaluated which combinations of
component species and what kinds of interspecific interactions allow communities to persist and how these contribute to community
persistence. We conducted experimental communities using two species of beans, the adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) and the red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), two species of bean weevils, the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus, Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and adzuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis, Coleoptera: Bruchidae), and two species of parasitic wasp, Heterospilus prosopidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The outcome of multiple-generation experimental communities was explained by the characteristics
of component species obtained from short-term experiments. In our two resources–two herbivores–one carnivore system, the strong
density-dependent attack ability of one parasitic wasp species (A. calandrae) led to the extinction of C. chinensis. On the other hand, the weak density-dependent attack ability of the other parasitic wasp species (H. prosopidis) led to system persistence. Our overall results show that, in a multiple-species community, the combination of species itself
is more important for community persistence than are the characteristics of the particular species.
Received: September 29, 1997 / Accepted: October 5, 1998 相似文献