Relations between Status and Power Structures: Toward a General Theory*

Contemporary work on the development of status and power structures is reviewed. It is shown that theorists have conceptualized the relationship between these structures in opposite ways. Some have held that the structures tend toward alignment. Specifically, they have held that persons tend to be equally high or low in both structures. Others have held that the structures tend toward non-alignment. Specifically, they have held that the range of persons statuses tends to be greater than the range of their power. An attempt is made to reconcile the different theories underlying these two conceptions by postulating that one conception is correct under certain conditions and that the other is correct under other conditions. The conditions specified involve an important but somewhat neglected aspect of the overall stratification structure, what is called the secondary stratification structure, and the importance persons assign to this structure.     

INCOME TAXES AND INVESTMENT DECISIONS: THE LONG-LIFE APPRECIATING ASSET CASE

In this paper a neoclasical tax incidence model is used to analyze the effects of alternative methods of taxing income derived from products whose production process is long-lived. Forestry is selected as a classic case. Compared with a "neutral" income tax, two other types of income tax, which approximate those currently applying to the forestry sectors in Australia and the United States, respectively, bias production toward longer growth periods, increase land (site) values, and depress timber prices.     

Making Food Count: Expert Knowledge and Global Technologies of Government*

Un grand nombre d'agences internationales ont mis sur pied des « rationalités » et des programmes mondiaux pour gérer des conduites sociales et économiques. En prenant comme point de mire L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour L'alimentation et L'agriculture, cet article examine la gestion à L'échelle mondiale de 1'agro‐alimentaire dans le cadre de ce que nous appelons les technologies mondiales de gouvernance. Nous nous appuyons sur les idées de Nikolas Rose sur L'expertise et le gouvernement ainsi que sur une série d'études sur le calcul statistique et la mondialisation. Nous faisons valoir que les formes professionnelles du savoir de L'expert, comme celles fondees sur des classifications et des calculs scientifiques, ouvrent de nouvelles avenues d'intervention et de transformation sociale. A wide variety of international agencies have initiated global programs and rationalities to manage social and economic conduct. Through a focus on the United Nations and its Food and Agriculture Organization, this paper examines the global management of food and agriculture within what we call the global technologies of government. In this analysis, we draw on the insights of Nikolas Rose on expertise and government, and on a range of studies on statistical calculation and globalization. We argue that professional forms of expert knowledge, such as those based on scientific classification and calculation, facilitated new spaces of intervention and new knowledges for social transformation.     

Co-operatives and agrarian transitions in coastal Ecuador: Implications for neo-liberalism

Cette communication traite des coopératives agricoles des zones cǒtières de l'Équateur sous l'angle de la transition de la société agraire vers les rapports de production capitaliste et à l'intérieur de ceux-ci. L'auteur estime que cette approche permet de saisir les grandes transformations qui sont en train de se produire entre les coopératives et le marché, mais qu'on doit chercher en měme temps à mieux comprendre comment les différentes stratégies adoptées par les habitants des zones rurales influent sur les formes organisationnelles que prennent les coopératives. Les études de cas présentées, qui font ressortir les multiples relations qui exercent une influence sur le fonctionnement des coopératives, montrent que les problèmes éprouvés par les coopératives créées lors des réformes agraires antérieures ne sont nullement solutionnés par les politiques néo-libérales en vogue aujourd'hui dans les pays d'Amérique latine. Agricultural co-operatives in coastal Ecuador are examined within the context of agrarian transitions ‘to’ and ‘within’ capitalism. It is argued that while this framework is useful for identifying broad transformations taking place between co-operatives and the market, the impact that rural survival strategies may have on co-operative organization must be made more central to the understanding of specific agrarian transitions. Case studies, which reveal the multiple relations that shape the organizational forms that co-operatives take, support the view that the neo-liberal policies currently being promoted in Latin America fail to provide adequate solutions to the serious problems that agricultural co-operatives face today.     

SUICIDE AS AN INDEX OF ROLE STRAIN AMONG EMPLOYED AND NOT EMPLOYED MARRIED WOMEN IN BRITISH COLUMBIA*

Une comparaison est effectuée entre les taux de suicide chez les femmes mariés qui travaillent et chez celles qui ne travaillent pas afin de tester 1'idée que les coûts de travailler, à savoir, les conflits de rôle et la surcharge, sont plus importants que les a vantages économiques et ceux provenants des liens sociaux. L'analyse des taux de suicide en CB en 1961 et 1971 suggère cependant que les bénéfices dépassent les coûts. L'examen des taux de suicide chez les femmes de d'autres états maritaux suggère que 1'avantage principal de travailler est social plutôt qu'économique. D'autres explications des résultats sont discutées. Suicide rates of married women who work are compared with the rates of those who do not in order to test the proposition that the costs of working, that is, role conflict and role overload, outweigh the economic and affiliative benefits. Analysis of suicide rates in BC in 1961 and 1971 suggests, however, that the benefits of working outweigh the costs. Consideration of the rates of suicide among women of other marital statuses suggests that the main benefit of working may be affiliative rather than economic. Alternative explanations of the findings are discussed.     

GEOGRAPHICALLY LOCALIZED KNOWLEDGE: SPILLOVERS OR MARKETS?

Using detailed data on California biotechnology, we find that the positive impact of research universities on nearby firms relates to identifiable market exchange between particular university star scientists and firms and not to generalized knowledge spillovers. Poisson and two-stage Heckman regressions indicate the number of star-firm collaborations powerfully predicts success: for an average firm, five articles coauthored by academic stars and the firm's scientists imply about five more products in development, 3.5 more products on the market, and 860 more employees. Stars collaborating with or employed by firms, or who patent, have significantly higher citation rates than pure academic stars. (JEL O31, D62, L65, L66)