排序方式: 共有13条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Oka M 《Journal of aging & social policy》2002,14(3-4):211-231
Over the past 10 years, a Japanese cooperative association named Fukushi Club Seikyo (FCS) has developed a unique, non-profit business specializing in services for the elderly. It aims to promote a reciprocal support system among neighborhood community members. FCS has successively organized its active members, mainly homemakers, into workers' collectives and successfully provided various life support services at a very small charge. Their human-touch service appears in sharp contrast to bureaucratic public services and profit-making private services. The civil initiative presented by FCS suggests a potential for a community-based social service system that may guarantee quality services without raising taxes and premiums for social insurance. 相似文献
2.
A Cross‐Cultural Examination of the Disjuncture Between Aspirations and Expectations/Perceived Outcomes: Strain and Academic Deviance in the United States and Japan 下载免费PDF全文
Using comparable self‐reported survey data collected among college students in the United States (n = 502) and Japan (n = 441), this study examines a paradox of higher academic deviance among otherwise more conforming Japanese youth while revisiting the debate concerning the disjuncture between aspirations and expectations/perceived outcomes in Agnew's general strain theory (GST). Confirming the paradox, our results indicate that Japanese students are significantly more deviant academically than American students. However, contrary to the expectation of GST, but in support of past empirical studies, the higher academic deviance among the Japanese, as compared to Americans, is explained by their lower aspirations, irrespective of the levels of expectations/perceived outcomes 相似文献
3.
4.
吉开将人 《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2012,(5):30-40
在20世纪中国近代国家建设和民族认同的形成过程中,民族的起源问题一直是知识分子所关注的问题。近年来不少学者注意到这一阶段的有关历史情况,但是主要关注20世纪初期,而极少与其前后时期联系探讨。至今,我们还不能确定这些学说和争论在整个20世纪中国的历史地位。对民族起源学说而言,20世纪中国的论争,第一是"外来/原住"模式向"土生=世居"模式的转化;第二是一元论和多元论反复交替的过程。在此过程中,起了关键作用的是苗族史论。在19世纪至20世纪前半期,苗族被视为中国最早的土著民族。这种"苗族原住"学说,与当年流行的"汉族西来"学说相结合,长期以来,影响了中国人的民族认同的形成,以及有关学科的发展。 相似文献
5.
Masato Okamoto 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(2):145-181
This paper proposes source decomposition of the change in income inequality between two time points using the integral-based
approach (IBA) and the (chained) Shapley-value approach as its approximation. In comparison to static Shapley-value decompositions
and traditional decompositions for the square of the coefficient of variation and the Gini index, the new dynamic Shapley-value
approach is intuitively appealing as a decomposition procedure for changes in inequality. It is expected to yield relatively
small differences among various inequality measures, essentially maintaining consistency with income source classification.
Path dependency, a possible drawback of the new decompositions, is not expected to be a particular problem in the usual cases.
The properties are illustrated for application to the increase in US family income inequality during 1979–1996. In this empirical
study, the new decompositions showed a tendency that was clearly different from those of the existing decompositions, indicating
that the proposed procedures shed new light on analysis of the causes of inequality changes. An extension to incorporate other
factors such as family structure is also successful without loss of the desirable properties. 相似文献
6.
Junko Nakanishi Yasuo Morimoto Isamu Ogura Norihiro Kobayashi Masato Naya Makoto Ema Shigehisa Endoh Manabu Shimada Akira Ogami Toshihiko Myojyo Takako Oyabu Masashi Gamo Atsuo Kishimoto Takuya Igarashi Sosuke Hanai 《Risk analysis》2015,35(10):1940-1956
This study assessed the health risks via inhalation and derived the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for the carbon nanotube (CNT) group rather than individual CNT material. We devised two methods: the integration of the intratracheal instillation (IT) data with the inhalation (IH) data, and the “biaxial approach.” A four‐week IH test and IT test were performed in rats exposed to representative materials to obtain the no observed adverse effect level, based on which the OEL was derived. We used the biaxial approach to conduct a relative toxicity assessment of six types of CNTs. An OEL of 0.03 mg/m3 was selected as the criterion for the CNT group. We proposed that the OEL be limited to 15 years. We adopted adaptive management, in which the values are reviewed whenever new data are obtained. The toxicity level was found to be correlated with the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET)‐specific surface area (BET‐SSA) of CNT, suggesting the BET‐SSA to have potential for use in toxicity estimation. We used the published exposure data and measurement results of dustiness tests to compute the risk in relation to particle size at the workplace and showed that controlling micron‐sized respirable particles was of utmost importance. Our genotoxicity studies indicated that CNT did not directly interact with genetic materials. They supported the concept that, even if CNT is genotoxic, it is secondary genotoxicity mediated via a pathway of genotoxic damage resulting from oxidative DNA attack by free radicals generated during CNT‐elicited inflammation. Secondary genotoxicity appears to involve a threshold. 相似文献
7.
Decomposition of gini and multivariate gini indices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Masato Okamoto 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2009,7(2):153-177
A new type of decomposition by population subgroup is proposed for the Gini inequality index. The decomposition satisfies
the completely identical distribution (CID) condition, whereby the between-group inequality is null if and only if the distribution
within each subgroup is identical to all the others. Thus, this decomposition contrasts strikingly with the subgroup decomposition
of the generalized entropy measures, which satisfy the condition that the between-group inequality is null if the mean within
each subgroup equals those of all the others. The new decomposition can be generalized to the distance-Gini index and the
volume-Gini index, two multivariate Gini indices introduced by Koshevoy and Mosler, with some modification of the index definition
and a somewhat loosened CID condition in the latter case. The source decomposition is also generalized to these multi-dimensional
indices. Interaction terms appear among sources of different attributes in the decomposition for the modified volume–Gini
index.
相似文献
Masato OkamotoEmail: |
8.
Masato Fukushima 《思想、文化和活动》2017,24(4):311-323
Arguments in science and technology studies have prompted us to rethink the meaning of experimentation in the wider context of our everyday life, though its dynamics have not been fully analyzed. This article argues that the legacy of the sociocultural approach to learning, with special reference to the Becker-Lave/Wenger dialogue, provides such a clue, and hence proposes a framework—“experimental zone of learning”—for such purpose. This zone is the outcome of the dynamic interface between constraints and sociotechnical devices, and this framework enables analysis of the diversity of such conditions, as well as their longitudinal changes through time. 相似文献
9.
Conducting field research facilitates understanding human daily activities. Cognitive Chrono-Ethnography (CCE) is a study methodology used to understand how people select actions in daily life by conducting ethnographical field research. CCE consists of measuring monitors' daily activities in a specified field and in-depth interviews using the recorded videos afterward. However, privacy issues may arise when conducting standard CCE with video recordings in a daily field. To resolve these issues, we developed a new study methodology, CCE Lite. To replace video recordings, we created pseudo-first-personview (PFPV) movies using a computer-graphic technique. The PFPV movies were used to remind the monitors of their activities. These movies replicated monitors' activities (e.g., locomotion and change in physical direction), with no human images and voices. We applied CCE Lite in a case study that involved female employees of hotels at a spa resort. In-depth interviews while showing the PFPV movies determined service schema of the employees (i.e., hospitality). Results indicated that using PFPV movies helped the employees to remember and reconstruct the situation of recorded activities. 相似文献
10.
There is evidence that females are less likely to cheat than males on college campuses. A frequently offered but still untested explanation is that females, with a stronger sense of responsibility for the maintenance of social relationships, tend to develop a stronger bond to a conventional society—a key explanatory concept in Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory. With academic cheating as the dependent variable, we test the hypotheses that the four elements of social bond are the intervening variables linking gender to such dishonesty among Japanese students who, due to their stronger orientation toward masculinity on Hofstede’s (1980) scale of gender role separation, are subject to more gender distinct socialization, leading to greater gender differences in the strength of social bond than those previously reported in the United States. The analysis provides rather limited support for the theory, most of which is due to the stronger belief in the legitimacy of societal rules among the females. 相似文献