“Discrimination” versus “Unfair Treatment”: Measuring Differential Treatment and its Association with Health

There is consistent evidence of the health‐harming effects of discrimination. However, it remains unclear whether discrimination contributes to persistent racial and ethnic health disparities. One hindrance to documenting the association between discrimination and health disparities is ongoing methodological issues, particularly the role of question wording in assessing self‐reports of discrimination. Using two nationally representative surveys, we investigate whether the prevalence, distribution, and mental and physical health consequences of differential treatment vary by question wording—”discrimination” versus “unfair treatment.” We find that “unfair treatment” yields greater reports of everyday forms of differential treatment relative to reports of “discrimination,” while the latter yields greater reports of major forms of differential treatment. In addition, the negative effect of “unfair treatment” on mental health is stronger than that of “discrimination,” while the latter has a stronger negative effect on physical health. However, the effect of question wording on reports of differential treatment and its association with health is largely unique to non‐Hispanic whites. We conclude that unfair treatment and discrimination reflect distinct concepts that should not be used interchangeably.     

CHAINED CREDIT CONTRACTS AND FINANCIAL ACCELERATORS

Sufficiently high net worth of financial intermediaries (FIs) is considered a necessary condition for financial and macroeconomic stability. In this paper, we explore why the net worth of FIs is important as compared to that of nonfinancial firms using a dynamic general equilibrium model, in which both FIs and nonfinancial firms rely on costly external debt. We find that an exogenous disruption of the FIs' net worth has a greater aggregate impact than does the same‐sized disruption of the nonfinancial firms' net worth. The key reason is that the net worth of the FIs in the United States is small. (JEL E22, E44, G21)     

民族生的素质教育

本文就内蒙古工业大学目前少数民族学生比例逐年增加的实际情况 ,阐明了加强民族生素质教育的意义 ,介绍了有关在教学过程中有意识地对学生进行综合素质方面培养的一些研究经验和体会     

Development of the Movements Impressions Emotions Model: Evaluation of Movements and Impressions Related to the Perception of Emotions in Dance

The purpose of this study is to specify the characteristics that contribute to the perception of emotions expressed through dance movements and to develop an emotional model to show the relationships between impressions and the characteristics of expressive body movements. Six dancers expressed three different emotions through dance: joy, sadness, and anger. Observers (N = 192) rated both their impressions (33 dimensions) and the dance movements (26 characteristics) of 18 dance performances. The results showed that the observers could accurately perceive the emotional meanings expressed in the dances. The impressions of Dynamics, Expansion, and Stability—and the evaluated movements of Frequency and Velocity of Upward Extension, Frequency and Velocity of Downward Movements, Turning or Jumping, and Body Closing—were extracted via factor analysis as determinants of observers’ impressions of emotional expressions in dance. Additionally, covariance structure analysis and discriminant function analysis indicated that the emotional expressions of the dances expressing joy, sadness, and anger are each associated with particular factors. Through these analyses, we developed the Movements Impressions Emotions Model for dance.     

收入性别差异的表现形式与特点

收入的性别差异包括很多层面,表现在诸多领域。在无收入、最低收入和最高收入的分布上存在着明显的性别差异,即使男女受教育程度相等其收入也有不同,而且这种差异也表现在行业内、职业内的男女收入上。收入性别差异的多种表现形式与特点,从一个侧面反映了男女经济地位的不平等。     

Experiences of Discrimination and Sexual Behaviors: An Examination of Motives as Potential Psychological Mediators

Objectives: We investigated three psychological mechanisms that may underlie the associations between discrimination and sexual activity: emotion regulation, autonomy restoration, and intimacy building. Methods: An online survey was administered to a diverse sample of 565 undergraduate students at a large public university. Results: Having sex to mitigate negative emotions mediated the associations between self-reported discrimination and lifetime number of sexual partners, and between discrimination and the frequency of sexual intercourse while intoxicated. Conclusions: Sexual activity may serve as a coping strategy in response to the experiences of negative emotions and human core needs thwarted by the experiences of discrimination.     

Mind‐mindedness and self–other distinction: Contrasts between Japanese and British mothers’ speech samples

To elucidate cultural contrasts in children's family environments, we conducted in‐depth, direct comparisons of mind‐mindedness and self–other distinction from maternal speech. The study included 5‐min speech samples of 225 mothers from Japan (N = 111) and the U.K. (N = 114) talking about their 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children (including 11 sibling pairs, n = 236). Compared with Japanese mothers, British mothers spoke significantly more, gave a significantly higher proportion of child‐focused and mind‐related comments, and also showed a stronger self–other distinction. In addition, within each country, there was a positive relation between mothers’ references to children in the singular (as opposed to plural) form and their mind‐mindedness. Together, the current findings highlight cultural variations in maternal mind‐mindedness, explicit–implicit communication style, and self–other distinction, and also suggest further exploration of relations among them.     

对我国大学精神的思考

随着社会的向前发展,大学已逐渐从社会的边缘步入社会的轴心,大学的功能也日益多元化。但是,在市场经济中我国一些大学过分地强调知识的经济行为,导致大学失去了其应有的特色和责任,而最终成为经济的附庸。这些大学在市场经济中趋于浮躁和庸俗陷入迷茫的原因是由于其失去了大学精神。大学精神是指引大学前进的灯塔,是大学之所以为大学的前提。     

从“单位管理”到“社区服务”——论城市人口与计划生育工作模式的双重转变

由于国有企业社会管理功能的剥离、多种所有制的共存、失业和下岗人员的增多以及流动人口大潮的形成 ,加上原有户籍制度管理作用的淡化和政府管理职能的转化 ,传统的人口与计生工作“单位管理”模式已很难适应时代的发展需要 ,急需改革与创新。 90年代以来城市社区的蓬勃发展为此提供了契机 ,依托社区 ,实现从“单位管理”到“社区服务”的城市人口与计划生育工作模式的双重转变已是势在必行。新的城市计生工作“社区服务”模式一般具有属地管理 ,单位负责 ,居民自治和社区服务四个要素 ,与“单位管理”模式相比 ,“社区服务”模式有着自身的特点与优势。