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1.
Urban sociology has tended to study interactions between passersby and “street persons” with an emphasis on the ways street persons become bothersome, harassing, or dangerous. This article moves away from the focus on the ways interactions in public go awry and focuses on how individuals account for the mundane, everyday exchanges they have with strangers who seek their help. Based on interview data (N = 31) and qualitative analysis of data from an Internet survey (N = 110), this article suggests that the presence of beggars does not inherently symbolize urban decay to passersby and does not necessarily elicit anxiety, but instead provides a valuable texture of urban life. Further, the article argues that individuals, when justifying their responses to requests for help from needy persons (beggars) in urban spaces, use a variety of cultural strategies to maintain their perception of themselves as moral persons, both when they choose to help and when they refuse. Drawing from these findings, the article suggests that urban sociology and the sociology of risk would benefit from sensitizing their studies of public interactions to the diverse meanings individuals assign to them, rather than presupposing annoyance, anxiety, or fear as their predominant characteristic.  相似文献   
2.
Although a great deal of literature has looked at how individuals respond to stigma, far less has been written about how professional groups address challenges to their self-perception as abiding by clear moral standards. In this paper, we ask how professional group members maintain a positive self-perception in the face of moral stigma. Drawing on pragmatic and cultural sociology, we claim that professional communities hold narratives that link various aspects of the work their members perform with specific understanding of the common good. These narratives allow professionals to maintain a shared view of their work as benefitting society and to perceive themselves as moral individuals. As a case study, we focus on the advertising industry, which has long been stigmatized as complicit in exploitative capitalist mechanisms and cultural degradation. We draw on nine total months of fieldwork and seventy-four interviews across three US advertising agencies. We find that advertising practitioners use narratives to present their work as contributing to the common good, depicting themselves as moral individuals who care about others in the process. We analyze three prevalent narratives: the account-driven narrative, which links moral virtue to caring for clients; the creative-driven narrative, which ties caring to the production of meaningful advertisements; and the strategic-driven narrative, which sees caring in finding meaningful relationships for consumers and brands.  相似文献   
3.
Negotiations about reparations tend to take the language of interests and to deal primarily with monetary compensation for disadvantaged groups. In such proceedings, aggrieved claimants are likely to make a variety of claims about the use of money to represent their experience, ranging from demands for increased compensation to rejections of the entire process altogether. This article draws attention to the communicative functions of money in the reparation process. It claims that actors may grudgingly agree to attach a monetary value to what they hold sacred, but simultaneously strive to preserve their sense of self‐worth and to elicit identification by raising moral critiques about the use of fiscal logic. To exemplify, the article focuses on the 2005 removal of Jewish‐Israeli settlers from Israeli‐occupied territories. It shows that settlers indeed demanded to be compensated fiscally for their lost property. At the same time, it shows that they raised objections to the use of fiscal logic in representing their experience and offered alternate logics of evaluation. The settlers resisted shame and devaluation through such competing logics, demanding that the state reaffirm a positive and embracing relationship with them despite its decision to evict them.  相似文献   
4.
Despite the growing interest in transnational fields and their influence on national-level dynamics, existing literature has not yet addressed the processes involved in creating such fields in the first place. This article provides insight into the complexities involved in national–transnational interactions amidst national and transnational field formation. It examines the nascent transnational humanitarian field of the late nineteenth century through the work of the emerging Red Cross Movement in the 1860s–1890s, drawing primarily on the archive of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The findings show that National Red Cross (NRC) societies employed a discourse drawn from a transnational cultural arena in order to gain central positioning in their national fields and to convince other parties of their necessity. Conversely, NRCs used nationalism as a form of symbolic capital in establishing themselves in their national fields, seemingly at odds with their cosmopolitan aspirations. Thus, by contrast to the ideal-typical representation of global humanitarianism as non-national, these findings suggest that nationalism and impartial humanitarianism are historically intertwined. More broadly, the article argues that national-level field dynamics as well as nationalism play important roles in the creation of transnational fields, even when field actors present themselves as acting for universal causes.  相似文献   
5.
伴随着中国经济建设与生态(环境)之间矛盾的日益突出,中国政府选择了“绿色发展”的理念。中国推行“绿色发展”是修复和维护“空间正义”的必然选择——这是中国“绿色发展”的深层次逻辑。根据“绿色发展”的深层次逻辑,“绿色发展”必须要在“空间正义”的框架内及其主导下展开——守住空间中各事物之间的界限,即根据各事物的固有属性及其意义划清其空间界限并守住其界限;发挥再分配的调节与救助作用,即通过经济援助和技术援助来帮助落后国家和地区改善生产方式和提高发展水平,通过税收和财政转移支付帮助处于贫困状态尤其是濒临“绝望交易”的民众提高生活能力和改善生活水平;引导大众的“绿色发展”行为,即通过选择性激励来引导民众践行“绿色发展”理念。  相似文献   
6.
7.
2020年初爆发的新冠肺炎疫情对于中国乃至整个世界来说都是一个巨大的风险,有必要从分配正义的角度对其进行审视。风险分配正义由风险分配的逻辑前提、价值理念、基本原则等内容系统性构成。人的有限理性和风险的不可预测性使得所有人都面临着不同程度的风险,处于极端风险中的人们还会加剧和扩散风险,这是风险分配的逻辑前提。对人的生命权和自由平等权的保障,以及对人因拥有不同的禀赋和不同的条件所具有的不同抗拒风险能力的维护,使得风险分配必须坚持“不平等的平等”理念。根据该理念,风险分配正义应该坚持对称性分配的基本原则,具体包括风险分配与生产风险的责任对称原则、风险分配与获取风险的收益对称原则、风险分配与抵御风险的能力对称原则。  相似文献   
8.
“共享发展”是当前中国的五大新发展理念之一,它在当前的社会历史发展背景下具有特殊的现实意义和重大的历史价值,即具有独特的正当性。“共享发展”的正当性可以运用“人性—风险”的理论框架进行证明。自利的人性及其生成的世俗性社会使个体具有潜在的威胁。道德的软约束乏力以及法律与制度的硬约束缺位使得个体所具有的潜在威胁很容易爆发出来,进而生成让每一个个体都避免不了的整体性风险。对于整体性风险,必须通过与自利的人性不相冲突的互利的合作及其实现的普惠性增长加以解决。通过建立在自利的人性基础之上的互利的合作及其实现的普惠性增长,化解因自利的人性及其生成的世俗性社会而产生的个体的威胁及其生成的整体性风险,便是“共享发展”的正当性之所在。  相似文献   
9.
Although the study of institutions is one of the longest standing sociological topics, numerous recent studies have revisited questions about the genesis of new institutions and institutional domains. In this review, I argue for increased attention to the role cultural beliefs play in the emergence of new institutions. I highlight three substantive research areas where sociologists have demonstrated a relatively independent causal effect of beliefs on the genesis of new institutions: (a) studies of states and state institutions; (b) studies of emergent markets; and (c) studies of the charitable aid sector. I conclude by highlighting promising avenues for future research on beliefs and institutional emergence.  相似文献   
10.
The present study investigates the presence of self‐selection among internal and international migrants in Gauteng, South Africa and further disentangles the effects of observed and unobserved characteristics in the self‐selection of migrants by conducting Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition on overall employment and self‐employment outcome variables. Our analysis, based on system‐GMM analysis of pseudo‐panel data, indicates that international migrants experienced markedly higher levels of employment than both locals and internal migrants driven by higher rates of informal and self‐employment. International migrants were also found to outperform their South African‐born counterparts on various variables indicative of well‐being like total household income, per capita household income, higher life satisfaction, and lower debt levels. Even though international migrants did not have higher levels of education, the Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition provided evidence of the positive selection of international migrants to Gauteng, based on unobservable characteristics, to achieve higher levels of employment and self‐employment.  相似文献   
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