CONTEXT EFFECTS FOR CENSUS MEASURES OF RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

This paper reports on the results of a split-ballot experimentconducted in 1987 to test alternative versions of the decennialcensus long form. Two forms were randomly assigned and self-administeredin group sessions involving a total of 515 respondents. Theorder of race and Hispanic origin items was experimentally manipulated.The standard long form asks race, then Hispanic origin. Theexperimental form reversed the order of the items in order toreduce perceived redundancy, and to create a more restrictedframe of reference for the race item. The objectives of thecontext manipulation were (1) to reduce item nonresponse forthe Hispanic origin item, and (2) to reduce reporting of "Otherrace" by Hispanics in the race item. Objective (1) was met.Objective (2) was met for Hispanics born in a U.S. state, butnot for immigrants. The results are interpreted as reflectinga process of acculturation that affects how Hispanic respondentsapply U.S. racial categories "white" and "black" in the census.     

Limits to expansion: transnational corporations and territorial embeddedness in the Japanese temporary staffing market

Recent changes to employment legislation have combined with shifting macro‐economic conditions to drive dramatic growth in Japan's temporary staffing industry. Leading transnational staffing agencies have sought to capitalize on this growth as part of their wider globalization strategies but have faced substantial challenges both in entering the market and in their subsequent attempts at expansion. In this article, we explore the ways in which the particularities of the Japanese host market regulatory and institutional environment combine with the inherent characteristics of the temporary staffing business model to challenge the expansionary strategies of these firms. We argue that while transnational firms have sought to adapt their business practices and strategies to the Japanese case, the attributes of the Japanese staffing market mean they have been unable to make significant inroads into the dominant market shares held by their domestic rivals.     

"Dependency as a Problem to Be Solved": Rehabilitation and the American Liberal Consensus on Welfare in the 1950s

This article examines the transformation of federal Aid to DependentChildren legislation in the 1950s, in which welfare's officiallystated purpose was changed from promoting women's caregivingroles to promoting "self-care and self-support." I argue thata changing welfare clientele and a new set of policy actorspromoted this reform of welfare, reviving concepts of dependencyand rehabilitation that had been elements of early twentieth-centurywelfare. Rather than simply bringing old concepts to the fore,however, the 1950s redefined the meaning of dependency and rehabilitationin keeping with postwar society. Psychological adjustment andeconomic self-sufficiency displaced moral uplift and socialconformity as the primary discourses of welfare. While welfarepolicies had historically addressed either family life or economicindependence, my analysis demonstrates that postwar welfarereform explicitly highlighted both for the first time. In doingso, it introduced new roles the state might play in family lifeand in encouraging the employment of women. Rehabilitative welfarereform thus reconfigured the entitlement status of low-incomewomen within the welfare state.     

Career Planning Connections: Using the Computer to Match Students With Professionals in the Field

This article describes a computerized career resource network designed to assist in matching students, efficiently and cost-effectively, with professionals in their career fields of interest.     

Feminist Activists On‐line: A Study of the PAR‐L Research Network*

Dans cet article, les auteures analysent une des premières listes de discussion électronique féministes canadiennes, PAR‐L (Liste politique, action, recherche). En se fondant en grande partie sur les résultats d'un sondage en ligne effectué auprès des abonnées et abonnés de PAR‐L, elles démontrent que, même chez les féministes sensibles aux questions de diversité et d'egalité, les écarts de pouvoir liés au sexe, à l'âge, au langage et à l'affiliation professionnelle influent sur l'interaction en ligne. Alors qu'elles reconnaissent que la présence simultanée de différences dans un espace partagé crée des tensions, elles soutiennent que cette caractéristique a également le potentiel d'améliorer la communication démocratique et d'approfondir la compréhension mutuelle à l'intérieur du mouvement des femmes, menant à un plus grand sens de la connexité et du bien‐etre chez les participantes. This paper presents an analysis of one of Canada's first feminist electronic discussion lists, PAR‐L (Policy, Action, Research List). Based largely on the results of an on‐line survey of PAR‐L subscribers, we show that, even among feminists sensitive to issues of diversity and equality, power differentials related to gender, age, language and professional affiliation influence on‐line interaction. While we acknowledge that the co‐presence of differences in a shared space creates tensions, we argue that it also has the potential to enhance democratic communication and deepen mutual understanding within the women's movement, leading to a greater sense of connectedness and well‐being among participants.     

Occupational Gender Segregation in Canada, 1981–1996: Overall,Vertical and Horizontal Segregation*

Cet article examine les changements survenus entre 1981 et 1996 dans la ségrégation hommes‐femmes. Le niveau de ségrégation dans son ensemble a faiblement baissé, suivant en cela la tendance observée depuis les années soixante. La diminution se traduit par une décroissance de 41% de la ségrégation verticale (équité salariale) mais par une augmentation de la ségrégation horizontale (différences autres que cette équité). Les femmes ont renforcé leur point d'ancrage dans la main‐d'?uvre à plein temps et élargi L'étendue de leur participation alors que celle des hommes dans des secteurs à temps partiel et moins prisés a augmenté, et que les emplois traditionnellement occupés par des hommes ont connu un déclin et ont vu L'arrivée des femmes. This article examines changes in gender segregation in Canada between 1981 and 1996. Overall segregation declined slightly. This is a continuation of a trend occurring since the 1960s. The decline comprises a 41% decrease in vertical segregation, representing inequality associated with occupational earnings, and increases in horizontal segregation, difference without such inequality. Women strengthened their footholds in the full‐time work force and diversified their breadth of participation, just as men's participation in part‐time and less desirable enclaves began to increase, and as traditionally male occupations experienced both decline and some influx of female workers.     

Femininity, Sexuality and Professionalism in the Children's Departments

Correspondence to ReadingLasses, Wigtown, Galloway, DG8 9EH. Summary Noting the significance of women in management in the localauthority children's departments (1948–72) and the preoccupationwith women in management during the 1990s, the authors comparethese two periods. In particular, they focus upon the discoursesof femininity which shape the ways in which women as managersand as professionals are talked about, understood and analysed.The argument, presented from a feminist post-structuralist perspective,is based on an analysis of data generated through interviewswith women who were significant in the children's departments(as children's officers or members of the children's committees)between 1948 and 1972. The paper shows that the ways in whichfemininity is constructed, socially and through women's subjectivities,act as powerful mechanisms through which women are controlled,but also present opportunities to women for resistance and change.     

Stakeholder Reporting: The Role of Intermediaries

Corporate social responsibility encompasses a multiplicity of different concepts, such that its nature is confused, and it remains difficult to operationalize because opening dialogue with and responding to the various expectations of diverse stakeholders is beyond the capacity of many companies. This paper adapts Mayston's normative “information beneficiaries” framework and focuses on intermediaries who might potentially use published financial information to open a restricted form of dialogue with companies, which might benefit unsophisticated stakeholders. The paper examines the Mayston framework using interviews conducted in organizations that might act on behalf of three stakeholder groups associated with gas and electricity suppliers in the United Kingdom, these being: consumers, employees, and the environment. While a long chain of communication exists between utility company and stakeholder, and many organizations do not fulfill their full potential as information intermediaries, there is some evidence that Mayston's framework might well operate in practice.     

Your E‐mail Trail: Where Ethics Meets Forensics1

This article addresses ethical and legal issues arising from the increasing use of e‐mail and other forms of instant written communication in the conduct of business. E‐mail communications are often casual and informal. Yet e‐mail is a written record that can be more permanent and widely accessible than a paper communication. This article focuses on the implications of this fact, including (1) how individuals compromise their own privacy by the voluntary use of e‐mail; (2) how e‐mail has complicated the duty of confidentiality of employees to employers, and professionals to clients; (3) whether the use of e‐mail affects ethical deliberation and choice; and (4) the use of e‐mail as evidence of corporate conduct and intent in civil and criminal litigation. The article suggests that e‐mail users think “forensically” about their e‐mail—i.e., consider its potential as evidence in the context of other emails and underlying events—before pressing the “send” button.