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SUMMARY: ‘Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy’ describes the abuse incurred by children as a result of their parents inventing false illness stories. It is a complex mixture of emotional and physical abuse which, because of the medical elements, can be particularly difficult to manage through current procedures. The authors have been involved with more than 200 such families and studied the reasons for delay before intervention, problems with placement of the child and access arrangements, and the difficulties encountered by professionals in securing long-term involvement and satisfactory supervision. These are considered in relation to the various outcomes for the children assessed at follow-up 1–14 years after the initial abuse. 相似文献
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1 Peter C. Smith, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York YO1 5DD, UK. E-mail: pcsl{at}york.ac.ukAbstract Summary This paper reports the results of a statistical study of thedeterminants of expenditure on children's social services intwenty-five local authorities in England. The study was commissionedas part of the Government's review of Standard Spending Assessmentsfor Personal Social Services. The study combined data from avariety of sources, including local authority registers, toinfer the distribution of expenditure between 1,036 small areaswith populations of about 10,000. Multilevel statistical techniqueswere used, and suggested that the principal determinants ofexpenditure are children in lone parent families, children infamilies of income support claimants, children living in flats,children with limiting long-standing illness, and populationdensity. As well as these results, the study yielded importantinsights into potential improvements for Standard Spending Assessmentmethodology. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTCandidate parametric mortality models are tested graphically. If the model is correct, the transformed data are distributed exponentially. The graphical test is based on scale and space inference. It involves smoothing of the hazard rate and simultaneous confidence intervals. It is applied to a frailty model used to set annuity reserves. Simulation and the comparison with other non-graphical tests shows that the graphical test helps localize discrepancies of empirical data with respect to the tested model. 相似文献
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GOVERNING A GROUNDWATER COMMONS: A STRATEGIC AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF WESTERN WATER LAW 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examine strategic behavior in groundwater depletion within the setting of state governance of groundwater resources in the American West. Solving a dynamic common-pool resource model for its optimal solution and its subgame perfect equilibrium provides benchmarks for behavior observed in laboratory experiments. Three forms of legal rules—common-pool depletion with a "rule-of-capture" to establish ownership (absolute ownership doctrine), entry restrictions (prior appropriation doctrine), and stock quotas (correlative rights doctrine—are examined in terms of their impact on individual strategic behavior in laboratory experiments. 相似文献
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