全球环境管治改革:争论与进展

产生于1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议的主要组织决定就是创建联合国环境规划署,其职能是在环境全球管治中协调联合国相关机构的环境活动并担当新政策创议的发动者。自那时以来,国际社会已经在环境全球政策(以及最近在可持续发展政策)方面付出了巨大努力,并创建了大量的条约、组织和机制。从总体上说,进展是积极性的,并日益指向一种不断扩展着的全球环境管治体系。但同样显而易见的是,尽管全球环境管治体系的规模和资金都在迅速扩大,但它在实现其实质性改善全球环境、走向可持续发展甚或扭转环境恶化趋势等目标方面并不是真正有效的,甚至可以说,恰恰是全球环境管治体系的演进本身带来了难以应付的制度性挑战。正因为如此,近年来一种渐趋一致的共识是,我们必须充分考虑如何改革这一现存体系,而且关于全球环境管治改革的讨论必须超越联合国环境署本身的改革,以便构建一种全新的体系,其中不同行为体能够更加高效和有效地相互作用,从而服务于环境保护与可持续发展的最终目标。     

Back to Africa: Second Chances for the Children of West African Immigrants

This paper examines the phenomenon of West African parents living in Europe and North America who send their older children back home: from places of high immigrant aspiration to those of hardship and privation. Drawing on a project on West African immigration to Europe and on previous field studies in Africa, we conclude that West African immigrants fearing the consequences of their children's indiscipline in the West, where racism and hostility can endanger the entire family, may send unruly children back to the home country. In doing so, we believe, they build on long‐standing African disciplinary efforts in hopes of toughening their children's resilience to the challenges in the new place and wait for the risk to dissipate.     

Biography and Colonial Discourse in ‘French West Africa’

Abstract

There are several biographies of West African leaders located in diaries and memoirs written by influential agents of the French colonization. Such location signals a specific narrative display characterized by the subordination of the biographies to narratives that, in general, celebrate the French historical and political experience in Africa. The investigation of such narratives exposes distorted interpretations of African historical figures and reveals a colonial biography of persuasion. For instance, the analysis of the biography of Ahmadou, last king of the Tukulor Empire, located in Méniaud's Les Pionniers du Soudan discloses a specific biographical strategy that aims to demonize the West African leader in order to impose a discourse of colonial necessity. To do so the biographer adopts a biographical mode of presentation articulated around adversarial references such as Islam and animism, or debatable cultural codes of practice.     

中国机场业管制改革的演进与有效性

国内外机场业经营环境的变化,改变了机场产业内部及机场与航空公司之间的竞争与垄断边界,机场的垄断边界在缩小,竞争在产业发展中变得越来越重要,从而推动政府对中国机场业的管制进行改革。通过扩大机场企业的自主权利,降低市场准入壁垒,放松价格管制,中国机场业的管制逐渐从行政性管制走向了经济管制,提高了机场产业整体绩效和消费者效用,带动了地方经济发展,并表现出了不同于国外机场放松管制的独特特点。     

The Forms and Structure of International Voluntary Service

International voluntary service (IVS) has a significant and growing presence worldwide. IVS is a policy and program tool used for international development aid, humanitarian relief, and promotion of international understanding. In the last century, forms of IVS have proliferated, while research on scope, effectiveness, and impacts has lagged behind. We propose a typology that addresses duration, nature of service, and degree of “internationality.” Further, we identify IVS networks and support organizations that bolster the capacity of IVS sending and hosting organizations, and in this process create large and little recognized international institutions of cooperation. Building on the typology, we suggest program, policy, and research implications to advance knowledge of the role of IVS, its role in global civil society, and impacts it may have on human conditions and cross-cultural understanding.