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European Journal of Population - After three decades since reunification male life expectancy in East Germany still lags behind that of West Germany. Unlike most of the prior studies focusing on... 相似文献
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Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, mortality was considerably higher in the former East Germany than in West Germany. The gap narrowed rapidly after German reunification. The convergence was particularly strong for women, to the point that Eastern women aged 50–69 now have lower mortality despite lower incomes and worse overall living conditions. Prior research has shown that lower smoking rates among East German female cohorts born in the 1940s and 1950s were a major contributor to this crossover. However, after 1990, smoking behavior changed dramatically, with higher smoking intensity observed among women in the eastern part of Germany. We forecast the impact of this changing smoking behavior on East-West mortality differences and find that the higher smoking rates among younger East German cohorts will reverse their contemporary mortality advantage. Mortality forecasting methods that do not account for smoking would, perhaps misleadingly, forecast a growing mortality advantage for East German women. Experience from other countries shows that smoking can be effectively reduced by strict anti-smoking policies. Instead, East Germany is becoming an example warning of the consequences of weakening anti-smoking policies and changing behavioral norms. 相似文献
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The decline of fertility in Czechoslovakia on the territory of the Czech Socialist Republic began with a rise in the age at marriage; the decline of marital fertility began only after 1860. On the territory of the Slovak Socialist Republic marital fertility began to decline after 1900 without previous significant changes in the age at marriage. The differences between the demographic behaviour in the two parts of Czechoslovakia have persisted, although they are now gradually disappearing. There are other significant regional differences in the fertility decline caused by the overall process of economic and social development. The end of the demographic transition in the Czech Socialist Republic came during the 1930's and in the Slovak Socialist Republic during the 1960's. 相似文献
4.
俄国科学院语言研究所维特罗夫·巴维尔·巴夫罗维奇(Vetrov Pavel Pavlovich)先生来信询问汉语熟语各个类别的定义及划分标准问题,本文结合具体例子,提出熟语类别的划分应该采用基于原型的范畴理论,而不是经典的范畴化理论;并指出熟语的分类采用的并不是一维标准,而是多维标准.很多熟语的类别归属不是非此即彼,而是亦此亦彼. 相似文献
5.
Pavel Materna 《Theory and Decision》1975,6(1):39-42
The author tries to formulate what a determinist believes to be true. The formulation is based on some concepts defined in a systems-theoretical manner, mainly on the concept of an experiment over the sets A
m
(a set of m-tuples of input values) and B
n
(a set of n-tuples of output values) in the time interval (t
1, ..., t
k
) (symbolically E[t
1,..., t
k
, A
m
, B
n
]), on the concept of a behavior of the system S
m,n
(=(A
m
, B
n
)) on the basis of the experiment
E[t
1, ..., t
k
, A
m
, B
n
] and, indeed, on the concept of deterministic behavior .... The resulting formulation of the deterministic hypothesis shows that this hypothesis expresses a belief that we always could find some hidden parameters. 相似文献
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The author critically analyzes the origins, composition, and intended domestic and foreign policy functions of the new Presidential Commission to Counteract Attempts to Harm Russia's Interests by Falsifying History. 相似文献
8.
The relationships between alcohol expectancies, level of alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, aggression, and personality factors in 198 Russian male juvenile delinquents were assessed. A clustering procedure was used in order to establish main patterns of alcohol expectancies, yielding three major clusters. Level of alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, aggression, and personality factors were compared across the identified clusters. It was established that juvenile delinquents with a high level of positive alcohol expectancies and aggression represented a risk-group for higher involvement in drinking behavior as well as problem drinking, which in turn are related to specific personality traits. Implications of these findings for alcohol prevention among the youth are discussed. 相似文献
9.
The paper investigates random processes of geometrical objects in Euclidean spaces. General properties of the measure of total projections are derived by means of Palm distribution. Explicit formulas for variances of the projection measure are obtained for Poisson point processes of compact sets. Intensity estimators of fibre (surface) processes are then studied by means of projection measures. Classification of direct and indirect probes is introduced. The indirect sampling design of vertical sections and projections is generalized and its statistical properties derived. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACTJewish Sonderkommando's handwritten notes – found among the earth and ashes – are key documents of Holocaust history. But their degree of preservation is poor. Digital technology comes to the rescue to restore the legibility of these documents potentially lost to history. This article provides some examples of the successful application of image processing, which considerably increases the sharpness of the text. Special filters and approaches managed to increase by fourfold the number of pages from Marcel Nadjari's notes that could be read before. The deciphered fragments of Nadjari's notes not only allow us to better understand the meaning of the entire document, but also make a connection to another Nadjari text, thus yielding a new, much deeper, understanding of both the author himself, the particular fate of Greek Jews in the Holocaust, and also their role in the life and death of the Jewish Sonderkommando in Auschwitz–Birkenau. 相似文献