The Significance of Shift Work: Current Status and Future Directions

This paper provides a review and synthesis of research literature on the effects of shift work on workers’ physical health, mental health/well-being, and family life. The focus is on current knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions for future research. The selection of research literature is guided by a general conceptual framework that identifies predictor variables, moderating variables, and outcome variables. The paper concludes with a discussion of the variables that should be incorporated into an agenda for future research.     

Production technology and management in planned and market economies

This paper discusses how technological innovation takes place in manufacturing industry, and especially in the engineering sector, contrasting in particular the effects of the Western market economy, and the East European planned economy. The relative lack of cross-influence between formal scientific research and actual industrial innovation practice in this area is first discussed. Comparative studies of engineering practice in planned and market economies are described which point to the important influence of the economic environment on innovation practice in the factory's design office, and on the shop-floor. The East European Soviet Type Economy is seen to have features which in the light of recent Western empirical studies into industrial innovation, must hamper this process. In particular it is proposed that its relative economic and social rigidity has an important restricting influence on the actual process of innovation in the factory.     

Early Work Orientation & Later Situational Factors as Elements of Work Commitment Among Married Women College Graduates*

Using Becker's theory of commitment, national longitudinal data on 1961 college graduates are analyzed to determine the effects of early work orientation and the situational attributes of full-time work experience, husband's attitude and income, and number of children on the probability of 1968 employment among white married women. Work orientation is an insignificant predictor of work status and remains insignificant even when bolstered by any of the above variables. Similarly, the statistical interaction of other pairs of predictors makes no contribution to the probability of wives' employment. In the additive model, neither work orientation nor work experience affects employment probability. Three marriage-family variables are significant predictors: favorable husband, low income husband and absence of children. The findings are consistent with Becker's theory of nonconscious commitment.     

Chivalry and solidarity in ultimatum games

We report the results of ultimatum game experiments designed to test for differences in the behavior of women and men. Women's proposals are on average more generous than men's, regardless of the sex of the partner, and women respondents are more likely to accept an offer of a given amount. A given offer is more likely to be accepted if it comes from a woman; we term this result chivalry . Women paired with women almost never fail to reach an agreement; we term this result solidarity . Age, earnings, and race also significantly affect proposals and the rates of rejection.     

优雅之椅

似乎当我们需要坐下来休息的时候就出现了椅子。刚开始时也许是鹅卵石,然后是树干,但在远古的某一天,人们把木头从未经加工的木板制作成了精致漂亮的形状。人们开始渴望更加漂亮华丽的家具。     

The Influence of Family and Work Characteristics on the Sustained Employment of College-Educated Wives

Abstract

Three categories of work characteristics — employment expectations, job satisfaction, and job experiences — in addition to commonly considered family variables, are examined as influences on sustained employment between 1964 through 1968 for a national sample of college-educated wives, class of 1961. Number of children and husband's income have the strongest, and negative, effects on sustained employment. Additionally, two work characteristics, one work orientation measure (expectation of being employed during the preschool child stage), and one job satisfaction measure (overall job satisfaction) are significant, and positive, influences. No other variable pertaining to wives' work characteristics is significantly related to sustained employment Because the responses in the data set were collected in the 1960s, the data in this article can serve as a comparison point for subsequent studies.