Advertising ‘Happy’ Children: The Settler Family,Happiness and the Indigenous Child Removal System

We analyse 4300 advertisements of children featured in the Today's Child column, a daily written by Helen Allen in The Toronto Telegram and The Toronto Star from 1964 to 1982, to understand how the Canadian public became accepting of the adoption of Indigenous children. While children of all ethnic backgrounds were featured, the Indigenous children who were displayed were part of a larger system of child removal, known as the ‘Sixties Scoop’. We demonstrate the ways Indigenous children are described with a specific form of happiness that is conjoined with colonial conceptions of the family and nation.     

Kurt Lewin Address: Influence, Power, Religion, and the Mechanisms of Social Control

A power/interaction model of interpersonal influence is applied to the analysis of religions as mechanisms of social control. The original six bases of power presented by French and Raven (1959)—coercion, reward, legitimate position, expert, referent, and informational—are expanded to include variants of these bases: personal reward and coercion and legitimacy of equity, reciprocity, and responsibility (Raven, 1992). Over centuries, certain sages, seers, and chieftains, feeling that they knew what was best for their people individually and collectively, have attempted to utilize these power resources (e.g., to counter tendencies toward murder, theft, adultery, mayhem, or harmful dietary practices). To implement power strategies, various preparatory devices were developed, which include the establishment of a Deity, whose ultimate reward and coercive power is enhanced by omnipotence; whose omnipresence establishes necessary continual surveillance; and whose ultimate expertise follows from omniscience. Much of what has been developed in holy works, and in supportive art and literature, can then be seen as further preparing the bases of power for social control. Tensions result when a populace that is educated to expect informational power is faced with a religion that emphasizes extreme coercion, reward, ultimate legitimate and expert power.     

Squaring Up: Experiences of Transition from Off‐Street Sex Work to Square Work and Duality—Concurrent Involvement in Both—in Vancouver,BC

Many studies of exit from sex work are inspired by role theory, where people experience a lack of attachment to a role; are faced with individual, interactional, and structural challenges; contemplate transition and exit a role; and then struggle to establish postrole identities and new lives. This framework has been used to explicate the factors and experiences of those who leave or attempt to leave the sex industry; however, it is limited because studies present sex work as a harmful and dangerous profession that people are trapped in, escaping, or have survived. In this paper, I discuss Vancouver's history of violence against sex workers and I review research on sex work exiting and bring forward recommendations for the design of exit program based on the experiences of 22 active and former off‐street sex workers from Vancouver, British Columbia. I describe study participants who include Sex‐Work‐No‐More participants who would not return to the industry, Sex‐Work‐Maybe participants who consider reinvolvement, and Dual‐Life participants who are employed in sex work and conventional work simultaneously. These participants uniquely challenge narrow, binary understandings of involvement and transition because they discuss their use of deception to obtain resources needed to make change; the support that clients have provided; their strategic engagement in sex work as a means to exit; their considerations of reentry; and for some, their dual employment. In light of new legislation that criminalizes activities related to sex work—the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act—and the Federal government announcement of $20 million dollars for the creation of exit services nationwide, hearing from sex workers is essential to advancing agendas in this area. De nombreuses études de la sortie du travail du sexe sont inspirées par la théorie des rôles, où les gens éprouvent un manque d'attachement à un rôle; sont confrontés à des défis particuliers, interactionnelles et structurelles; contempler transition et quitter un rôle; et ensuite du mal à établir des identités post‐rôle et les nouvelles vies. Ce cadre a été utilisé pour expliquer les facteurs et les expériences de ceux qui quittent ou tentent de quitter l'industrie du sexe; Cependant, elle est limitée parce que le travail présente des études de sexe comme une profession nocive et dangereux que les gens sont piégés dedans, échapper ou ont survécu. Dans cet article, je discute de l'histoire de la violence contre les travailleurs du sexe de Vancouver et je passe en revue la recherche sur le travail du sexe sortant et de formuler des recommandations pour la conception d'un programme de sortie fondée dans les expériences de 22 travailleurs actifs et les anciens hors rue sexe de Vancouver CB Je décris les participants à l'étude qui incluent le travail du sexe‐No‐More participants qui ne reviendrait pas à l'industrie; Sex‐travail, peut‐être les participants qui considèrent réengagement; et les participants Dual‐vie qui sont employés dans le travail du sexe et le travail classique simultanément. Ces participants contestent unique, ententes binaires étroites de la participation et de la transition parce qu'ils discutent de leur recours à la tromperie pour obtenir les ressources nécessaires pour apporter des changements; le soutien que les clients ont fourni; leur engagement stratégique dans le travail du sexe comme un moyen de sortir; leurs considérations de rentrée; et pour certains, leur double emploi. À la lumière de la nouvelle législation qui criminalise les activités liées au sexe de travail ‐ Loi sur la protection des collectivités et des personnes victimes d'exploitation ‐ et l'annonce du gouvernement fédéral de 20 millions de dollars pour la création de services de sortie à l'échelle nationale, l'audition de travailleurs du sexe est essentielle pour programmes faisant la promotion dans ce domaine.     

The role of the psychologist in formulating,administering and evaluating policies associated with economic and social development in western society

The paper (which draws heavily on the results of surveys of civic culture, human resources, and evaluations of educational policy) argues that major changes have come about in the way in which our society is organised. These changes mean that neither the economic market-place nor democracy function in the ways in which they are generally believed to operate. As a result, if modern society is to function effectively, we not only need new concepts of money, equality, democracy, bureaucracy and the role of the citizen, we also need new mechanisms to provide for choice and variety, to evaluate policy, and to hold public servants, managers and institutions accountable for their actions. Psychologists have a crucial role to play in developing the understandings and tools which are needed.     

Closed competitive bidding

This paper replaces the competitive bidding models of Friedman and Gates with a more general probabalistic bidding model which resolves the conflict between them. The validity of the model is demonstrated by simulation. Practical difficulties of using the probabalistic approach are discussed and several lines of future research suggested.     

Toddlers' Understanding of Iconic Models: Cross‐Task Comparison of Selection and Preferential Looking Responses

Toddlers' symbolic understanding of iconic models was assessed through 2 comprehension‐based tasks: 1 based on looking and 1 requiring manual selection of the target object. Toddlers received either iconic models or photographs of models as the symbolic referent. Overall, 18‐month‐olds performed poorly, and both 22‐and 26‐month‐olds performed relatively well across tasks. Contrary to expectations that the 2 tasks would impose different levels of attentional demands, performance was relatively consistent across tasks. Vocabulary size was significantly related to performance, even when the effects of age were controlled. Relations between model comprehension and more sophisticated manifestations of symbolic comprehension are considered.     

The Bases of Power and the Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence

This article provides a summary of work done by Raven and his colleagues on bases of power. It ranges from the initial work in 1959 of French and Raven through decades of follow-up work, and ties the work to that of others doing work on power bases. After the summary, the author responds to a series of questions that probe the work in greater depth, allowing explication of much of the thinking underlying and leading to publications of Raven and colleagues that are well known to social psychologists.     

Job Changing and the Decline in Long-Distance Migration in the United States

Interstate migration in the United States has decreased steadily since the 1980s, but little is known about the causes of this decline. We show that declining migration is related to a concurrent secular decline in job changing. Neither trend is primarily due to observable demographic or socioeconomic factors. Rather, we argue that the decline in job changing has caused the decline in migration. After establishing a role for the labor market in declining migration, we turn to the question of why job changing has become less frequent over the past several decades. We find little support for several explanations, including the rise of dual-career households, the decline in middle-skill jobs, occupational licensing, and the need for employees to retain health insurance. Thus, the reasons for these dual trends remain opaque and should be explored further.     

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the menopause: an update

Since we last reviewed this topic in 2001, considerably more information about dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has accrued, but this has not necessarily left us any wiser about the use of this steroid in postmenopausal women. There is no further evidence that DHEA supplementation is likely to be useful in the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cognitive impairment, or in the promotion of wellbeing. Evidence has, however, accumulated for beneficial effects of DHEA on osteoporosis, both in postmenopausal women and in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy. What is also emerging is a link between low DHEA levels and cardiovascular risk, and between high DHEA levels and breast cancer risk. In fact, the benefits and adverse effects of DHEA administration in postmenopausal women increasingly resemble those of conventional hormone replacement therapy. Overall, we conclude that DHEA is not currently to be recommended for therapeutic use in the majority of postmenopausal women. However, DHEA supplementation may be of benefit in two specific groups of women: those with the lowest circulating levels of DHEA; and those for whom osteoporosis is a particular problem.