Triadic Interaction among Newly Acquainted 2-year-olds

Are children as young as 2 years old able to interact in groups of three? The study applied the family triad model first introduced by Parke, Power, and Gottman (1979 ) to the case of peer interaction. In Experiment 1 , the model was refined for use in studies of peer interaction and applied to an existing dataset of 16 triads of newly acquainted 24‐month‐olds. In Experiment 2 , the triadic coding system was further refined and applied to 12 single‐sex triads of newly acquainted 2‐year‐olds. The findings demonstrated that 2‐year‐olds are capable of triadic interaction although the predominant interaction pattern in triads is still dyadic. Contrary to past reports, triadic interaction was more likely to occur when the children were not in conflict. Both girls and boys were capable of triadic interaction.     

从日中比较角度谈日本学者的中国古代文学研究方法论

日本学者家井先生继承赤冢忠先生的学说并加以批判性、实证性的发展 ,从而对《诗经》的《风》、《雅》、《颂》以及“兴”提出了新的理解。石川三佐男先生在楚辞研究中 ,采用了把战国秦汉时期长江流域、楚地等出土的考古资料与《楚辞》诸篇进行比较研究这一前所未有的方法。通过这种方法可以开拓出仅靠文献资料和文献学不能进入的领域。石川先生的《楚辞》研究 ,是以他在二松学舍大学研究生院攻读时 ,在赤冢忠博士指导下所学到研究《诗经》、《楚辞》的方法为基础的。石川先生的研究与赤冢忠博士和其他楚辞研究者的方法截然不同的是 ,他运用了马王堆汉墓出土的“帛画” ,并特别重视长江流域和楚地出土的考古资料。     

How Applicable are Western Models of Patient‐Physician Relationship in Asia?: Changing Patient‐Physician Relationship in Contemporary Japan

Abstract:  The social and political environments surrounding patient-physician relationship have been changing in Japan for the last few decades. This paper aims to illustrate social and cultural factors that underlie current situations and problems of patient-physician relationship in Japan through a comparison with those in western countries, and to consider how mutual participation model of patient-physician relationship could be applied and fostered in Japan as well as other Asian cultures. Four major sociocultural factors are discussed in relation to the patient-physician relationship in Japan: (1) individualism versus collectivism; (2) low context versus high context; (3) femininity versus masculinity; and (4) Christianity versus Confucianism. Two key issues in discussing the mutual participation model of patient-physician relationship in Japan have emerged; the family and the communication style. The patient autonomy in Japan should be considered within the context of the triadic relationship of patient, family, and physician. Also, since the communication style might differ between Japan and western countries, communication training programs and interventions for medical professionals as well as for patients should be tailored in a culturally appropriate way in order to improve the communication in medical encounters and to achieve the mutual participation. Beyond mere advocacy of the patient autonomy, the mutual participation model of patient-physician relationship should be pursued within our social and cultural context to be truly fruitful for patients and physicians in Japan.     

Communication Protocols with Belief Messages

This paper presents a communication protocol to reach consensus. In our setting, every player has asymmetric information and evaluates a fixed event on his information. According to the protocol, the sender sends non-partitional messages that he believes the event with a probability of at least his evaluation. We show that the posteriors for the event must be equal among the players after the communication. Journal of Economic Literature Classification: C62, C78.     

李大钊早期思想中的日本因素——以茅原华山为例

李大钊早期著作充满着复杂性和神秘性。长期以来,有很多学者提出了各种各样的解释来试图阐明他早期思想的特色及来源。笔者经过考察发现,对李大钊的早期思想产生最大最直接影响的是日本评论家茅原华山的一系列著作。更具体地说,以《青春》为代表的李大钊著作所表现出的时间观、历史观、文明观,是直接受了茅原华山的《悲壮精神》、《人类生活史》及其主办的《第三帝国》杂志的影响。李大钊早期著作所具有的茫漠及难解,也只是所依据的茅原华山著作的茫漠性及难解性的反映。李大钊的早期思想与茅原华山的奇异交错,给我们分析中国1910年代思想史提供了一个有利的暗示,即1910年代的中国知识分子卷入到同时代的世界思潮中,并与世界思潮紧紧结合在一起。     

A Fake Smile Thwarts Cheater Detection

People can discriminate cheaters from cooperators on the basis of negative facial expressions. However, such cheater detection is far from perfect in real-world situations. Therefore, it is possible that cheaters have the ability to disguise negative emotional expressions that signal their uncooperative attitude. To test this possibility, emotional intensity and trustworthiness were evaluated for facial photographs of cheaters and cooperators defined by scores in an economic game. The facial photographs had either posed happy or angry expressions. The angry expressions of cheaters were rated angrier and less trustworthy than those of cooperators. On the other hand, happy expressions of cheaters were higher in emotional intensity but comparable to those of cooperators in trustworthiness. These results suggest that cheater detection based on the processing of negative facial expressions can be thwarted by a posed or fake smile, which cheaters put on with higher intensity than cooperators.     

A note on separability and intra-household resource allocation in a collective household model

This paper shows that it is possible to track the changes in the distribution of power within a couple by focusing on the changes in the pattern of private consumption when the consumption decisions are efficient and private consumption is separable from public consumption in individual preferences. We first show that the separability of private consumption from public consumption at the individual level carries over to the household level. Hence, changes in public consumption only matters through a change in the residual budget available for private consumption. When the consumption decisions within the household is efficient, private consumption decisions can be modeled as the solution of a problem consisting in maximizing a weighted sum of the private-consumption sub-utility functions of the spouses under the residual budget, the weights being unique and representing the distribution of power over the allocation of private consumption. The model presented in this paper can be used to analyze the changes in the household resource allocation due to, for example, childbirth.     

Can I Trust You? Laterality of Facial Trustworthiness in an Economic Game

People tend to turn their left or right cheek to express or conceal emotions, respectively. We examined the lateral posing bias for displaying trustworthiness during a trust game in which participants and their virtual partners cooperated or did not cooperate with their counterparts to earn a monetary reward. Right-handed participants (N = 81) were asked to pose for a photograph and then play the trust game. Participants showed an overall left posing bias (i.e., showing their left cheek to the camera). The left cheek bias was more stable for participants that cooperated very little in the trust game (non-cooperators) than for those that cooperated a lot (cooperators). In the rating experiment (N = 28 and 25), non-cooperators showing their left cheek were rated equally as trustworthy as cooperators. On the other hand, non-cooperators who showed their right cheek were rated as less trustworthy than cooperators. These results suggest that non-cooperators intuitively use the left hemiface to exploit others in social interactions.     

“蟠螭纹精白镜”铭文和《楚辞》

"镜铭"的"穆陈"与"楚辞"的"乱日"紧密对应.又如唐代皮日休<九讽>中的"嗟吾魄之不返兮.千秋万岁湘中驰"、"倘灵修之魄有知兮,刷吾耻于下暝"、"又不知吾魂之处兮,永寂寞以悠悠"、"吾将荡其魄兮,骖风韧与轧车,,所表达的,<楚辞>的真相,亦即<离骚>篇的主人公与<九歌>里"美人"与"山鬼"的关系一样,不是"怀王"和"屈原".而是死者的"魂""魄"的反映.