The Decoupling of Marriage and Parenthood? Trends in the Timing of Marital First Births, 1945–2002

Family formation changed dramatically over the 20th century in the United States. The impact of these changes on childbearing has primarily been studied in terms of nonmarital fertility. However, changes in family formation behavior also have implications for fertility within marriage. The authors used data from 10 fertility surveys to describe changes in the timing of marital childbearing from the 1940s through the 21st century for non‐Hispanic White and non‐Hispanic Black women. Based on harmonized data from the Integrated Fertility Survey Series, the results suggest increasing divergence in fertility timing for White women. A growing proportion of marriages begin with a premarital conception; at the same time, an increasing proportion of White women are postponing fertility within marriage. For Black women, marital fertility is increasingly postponed beyond the early years of marriage. Evaluating the sequencing of marriage and parenthood over time is critical to understanding the changing meaning of marriage.     

尼采对历史及其历史教学的批判

尼采认为 ,历史是人的生命意志的反映 ,它是英雄人物在瞬间的艺术创作冲动的产物。人的历史开始于“个人具有创造性的自我解放欲望之际” ,这是尼采历史观的原始起点和意义支撑。他认为真正的历史应该有利于人的创造力的发挥和个体生命的解放 ,而现在的历史已经背离了历史的本来意义 ,成了生命发展的桎梏和障碍。现代历史教育是错误历史观与错误人生观相结合的产物 ,是一种摧残人性的教育 ,它使受教育者变得虚伪、迟缓、猜疑、抵触 ,并以软弱的人格、麻木的心态期待着刺激性“事件”的发生 ,哪怕它危及自己的生命。     

巫术的历史作用及其终结

巫术作为一种社会现象 ,在历史上曾起过一定的积极作用 ,如可以增强人类控制客观世界的意识 ,扩展人类控制客观世界的领域 ,增强人类战胜敌手的信心 ,此外还具有组织作用、道德教化作用、精神安慰作用、交流娱乐作用等。但一方面由于巫术的荒谬性 ,巫术一再失败 ,使人们对它失去了信心 ;另一方面 ,巫术的抽象功能被后来发展起来的宗教所代替 ,实用功能被科学所代替 ,因而 ,巫术在主流文化中的历史作用已经终结 ,但仍在文化的细枝末节中广泛存在着     

Diversity in Pathways to Parenthood: Patterns,Implications, and Emerging Research Directions

This review examines and synthesizes recent research on pathways to parenthood. We begin by providing basic information about patterns, differentials, and trends and discussing adoption and new reproductive technologies. We next turn to several areas of inquiry that became particularly prominent in the last decade: the continued “decoupling” of marriage and childbearing, the parental relationship context of nonmarital childbearing, family structure stability, multiplepartner fertility, and racial and ethnic variation in childbearing patterns. We then consider the implications of this body of scholarship and identify avenues for future research. Throughout, we highlight racial/ethnic and social class variation in childbearing patterns.     

The development of the Solution Building Inventory

Throughout the past 70 years, a great deal of research conducted on defining and testing problem-solving skills has led toward solution-focused practices and philosophies. As a result, some literature exists illustrating the efficacy of solution-focused practices. However, no published research exists on the factors that contribute to solution building. This study tested for components of solution building while creating a solution building inventory. Results from a factor analysis failed to find specific factors within solution building; thus solution building appears to be a unidimensional concept. Implications for using the solution building inventory are discussed.     

加强改革顶层设计关键问题研究

改革顶层设计不仅是一个政治新词汇,而且具有促进思想进一步解放的重要作用。改革顶层设计既不同于战略谋划与确定,也不同于战术制定与实施,它是介于二者之间而又联系二者的关键环节。对于加强改革顶层设计这一课题应结合改革历史进程进行深入研究,从而进一步明确加强改革顶层设计需要重视和把握的重点和难点问题,即突出导向性、体现规律性、强化统筹性、明确主体性、具有操作性、重视动力性。     

论民族旅游场域中的跨文化交流与认知——以云南元阳箐口哈尼族村为例

对元阳县箐口村哈尼族在民族旅游场域中的中外跨文化交流与认知情况的实地调查分析表明,在民族旅游的场域中,外国游客与东道主之间存在一定形式的交流互动,但是对双方认知获得和交流影响有所区别。基本来讲,这种旅游场域中的跨文化交流对东道主的影响要大于对外国游客的影响,但交流对双方的认知都有积极的意义。     

蒙古族生态文化视野中的森林生态自然观思考

人与自然和谐发展是人类社会进入到生态文明阶段的显著标志,也是解决当今环境问题的生态伦理基础。从用火观念、饮食文化、丧葬习俗、建筑风格、命名习俗、宗教观念、游牧方式、法制观念8个方面论述蒙古族传统文化中人与自然和谐发展、保护生态环境的有关内容,重点探讨蒙古族生态文化中与森林文化有关的内容,系统地挖掘民族文化中合理、有价值的成分,以期保存和发扬优良的传统文化,丰富森林文化研究的内容,为当今的森林环境保护与森林资源可持续发展提供有益的启示。     

Why marry? Race and the transition to marriage among cohabitors

Our study investigates the transition to first marriage among cohabiting black and white men and women, drawing on data from the National Survey of Families and Households. Our results underscore the importance of economic factors on the transition to marriage for both black and white cohabitors. We also find that for black cohabitors, but not for whites, socioeconomic disadvantage during childhood reduces the odds of marriage. The presence of children in cohabiting unions tends to increase the chances of marrying a cohabiting partner for both blacks and whites. Our results demonstrate the importance of including cohabitation in research on the marriage process.     

The economic costs of marital disruption for Young Women over the past two decades

This paper examines the economic costs of separation and divorce for young women in the United States from the late 1960s through the late 1980s. Broadened opportunities for women outside marriage may have alleviated some of the severe economic costs of marital disruption for women. This paper contrasts the experiences of two cohorts of young women: those who married and separated or divorced in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s and those who experienced these events in the 1980s. Based on panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979–1988, Young Women 1968–1978, and Young Men 1966–1978, the results show stability in the costs of disruption. A multivariate analysis shows that young women in the more recent cohort have more labor force experience before disruption than those in the earlier cohort, but prior work history does not protect women from the severe costs of marital disruption.