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1.
Interest has been growing in alliance networks, and research has demonstrated several advantages of embedded networks, including joint problem solving. How embedded networks function as social capital and promote alliance formation has also been explored. However, less is known about constraints that they impose on firms’ extensive search for partners. In this study, we advance our understanding of the downsides of embedded networks by proposing that embedded networks facilitate alliance formations, but they may also cause suboptimal resource matching in alliance formations. Specifically, we predict that, in alliances where initial resource matching is more important than ex post collaborative activities, suboptimal resource matching is more likely when firms ally with partners with which they have pre‐existing direct or indirect ties and that such alliances decrease firm‐level resource utilization performance in operations. Using codeshare alliance data from the global airline industry, we find support for our predictions. 相似文献
2.
Summary Population dynamics and aggregation patterns of nine kinds of stored-grain mites were studied in two 7.5 tonne lots of hulled
(cv. Random) and hulless (cv. Terra) oat cultivars with 12–14% moisture content stored in two wooden bins in Manitoba, Canada
during 1978–84. Random oats harbored more mites than Terra oats.Lepidoglyphus destructor Schrank was the most common granivorous mite andCheyletus eruditus Shrank the most common predatory mite. Ecological data on a tydeid mite,Paratriophtydeus coineaui André, are presented for the first time. Because they were more abundant in Terra oats with higher fat acidity values (FAV)
than Random oats with lower FAVs,L. destructor andTarsonemus granarius Lindquist could be used as bioindicators of spoilage of stored oats. All species analyzed showed some significant difference
in their abundance at different depths in the grain bulk; some species showed depthxtime interaction. Aggregation patterns
indicated most mite species had overdispersed (clumped) distribution.T. granarius, andBlattisocius keegani Fox-Androlaelaps casalis Berlese had a distinct aggregation pattern in each oat cultivar.
Contribution No. 1373 from Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9 相似文献
3.
Hitoshi Matsushima 《Social Choice and Welfare》2013,41(4):883-893
We incorporate social influence into implementation theory, and highlight the manner in which an informed agent feels guilty with regard to disobeying an uninformed principal’s wishes. The degree of this feeling depends on the agent’s expectation of others’ behavioral modes. We demonstrate a method of process manipulation, through which the principal employs psychological tactics for incentivizing agents to announce information in keeping with his/her wishes. We indicate that with a version of incentive compatibility, the principal can implement any alternative that he/she wishes as the unique Nash equilibrium without employing any contractual device. Each agent’s psychological cost would be negligible. 相似文献
4.
Hitoshi Matsushima 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2004,72(3):823-852
We investigate two‐player infinitely repeated games where the discount factor is less than but close to unity. Monitoring is private and players cannot communicate. We require no condition concerning the accuracy of players' monitoring technology. We show the folk theorem for the prisoners' dilemma with conditional independence. We also investigate more general games where players' private signals are correlated only through an unobservable macro shock. We show that efficiency is sustainable for generic private signal structures when the size of the set of private signals is sufficiently large. Finally, we show that cartel collusion is sustainable in price‐setting duopoly. 相似文献
5.
Hisako Motoyama 《International Feminist Journal of Politics》2018,20(1):39-53
ABSTRACTIn September 2015, the Japanese government announced its first national action plan (NAP) to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1325, just ten days after forcefully legislating controversial security bills that would effectively lift the constitutional restrictions on overseas exercise of military force. Why did the conservative administration embrace Resolution 1325 while propelling militarization? This paper examines the formulation process of Japan’s NAP, focusing on gendered struggle over remilitarization and war memory, especially that of the “comfort women,” or Japanese imperial military sexual slavery during World War II. I will examine how post–Cold War remilitarization in Japan was closely intertwined with the struggle over war memory and the gender order of the nation, and how the conservative administration embraced international gender equality norms in an attempt to identify itself as a powerful liberal democracy engaged in maintaining the international security order, and to erase the memory of imperial military sexual violence in the past. By doing so, I attempt to critically reconsider the framework of the UN Women, Peace and Security agenda, which constructs powerful developed nations “not in conflict” as innocent supporters of women in conflict zones. 相似文献
6.
Yosiaki It? Masakazu Shiga Nobuhiko Oho Hitoshi Nakazawa 《Researches on Population Ecology》1977,19(1):33-50
Summary Based on the results of ecological surveys ofAdoxophyes orana and its natural enemies in apple orchards sprayed with the granulosis virus and control plots, we constructed working models
to simulate the population dynamics in three different experimental plots; those treated with chemical insecticides, those
with granulosis virus, and controls. The number of individuals killed by predators, parasitoids and by miscellaneous mortality
factors could be calculated on the assumption of imperfect density relations; that is, relation of the number killed by each
factor with the initial number of larvae was represented by a curve with an upper asymptote. We could estimate the proportion
of virus infection using curves with upper asymptotes. Rate of increase from pupa to middle instar larvae of the next generation
was subject to strong density-effect.
Simulation we proposed in this paper suggests a possibility that a single spray of the virus at 1st generation can reduce
not only the number ofA. orana larvae in the 2nd and 3rd generations but also the degree of fruits injured by this insect. Spray of chemical insecticide
is considered to be ineffective in reducing the pest density and the degree of injury to low levels in subsequent generations,
as compared with untreated plot, where the density of the 1st generation larvae is low. 相似文献
7.
We examine the causes of non-mutual rival recognition—a situation in which new firms in emerging market segments recognize incumbents in pre-existing and potentially related market segments as rivals, but the incumbents do not recognize the new firms as rivals. Drawing upon the prototype theory, which makes use of cognitive representations or images in recognition processes, we argue that managers use rival prototypes in making sense of competitive environments. Specifically, we argue that non-mutual rival recognition occurs when new firms are not proximate to the incumbents' prototype of rivals because their organizational attributes, such as size and age, are highly distinct. It also occurs when it is difficult for incumbents, owing to their diversification into multiple product markets, or their strong identity as players in emerging market segments, to clearly assess new firms’ proximity to the prototype. Using the context of U.S. online retailers that went public between 1995 and 2001, we find support for our arguments. 相似文献
8.
Bioaccessibility of Fukushima‐Accident‐Derived Cs in Soils and the Contribution of Soil Ingestion to Radiation Doses in Children 下载免费PDF全文
Shogo Takahara Maiko Ikegami Minoru Yoneda Hitoshi Kondo Azusa Ishizaki Masashi Iijima Yoko Shimada Yasuto Matsui 《Risk analysis》2017,37(7):1256-1267
Ingestion of contaminated soil is one potential internal exposure pathway in areas contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Doses from this pathway can be overestimated if the availability of radioactive nuclides in soils for the gastrointestinal tract is not considered. The concept of bioaccessibility has been adopted to evaluate this availability based on in vitro tests. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of radioactive cesium from soils via the physiologically‐based extraction test (PBET) and the extractability of those via an extraction test with 1 mol/L of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The bioaccessibility obtained in the PBET was 5.3% ± 1%, and the extractability in the tests with HCl was 16% ± 3%. The bioaccessibility was strongly correlated with the extractability. This result indicates the possibility that the extractability in HCl can be used as a good predictor of the bioaccessibility with PBET. In addition, we assessed the doses to children from the ingestion of soil via hand‐to‐mouth activity based on our PBET results using a probabilistic approach considering the spatial distribution of radioactive cesium in Date City in Fukushima Prefecture and the interindividual differences in the surveyed amounts of soil ingestion in Japan. The results of this assessment indicate that even if children were to routinely ingest a large amount of soil with relatively high contamination, the radiation doses from this pathway are negligible compared with doses from external exposure owing to deposited radionuclides in Fukushima Prefecture. 相似文献
9.
In this paper the impacts of two types of repetitive scheduling systems on the makespan in a two‐stage hybrid flow shop, which consists of one machine in the first stage and multiple process lines in the second stage, are compared. First, we analyzed, through a simulation, how the makespan is affected by the setup frequency and sequencing rules for products under two types of scheduling systems: One is repetitive scheduling with only one batch per product family per scheduling cycle (basic cyclic scheduling system). The other is repetitive cyclic scheduling with various batches per product family per scheduling cycle (variable cyclic scheduling system). Second, we compared which scheduling system is superior under various manufacturing situations. The following points were noted. (1) The superior scheduling system can be shown by a two‐dimensional diagram of the setup frequency and the imbalance in workload for processing among process lines in the second stage. (2) Variable cyclic scheduling is superior in comparison with basic cyclic scheduling when there is a large imbalance in the workload to be processed among process lines in the second stage, or the workload in the second stage is larger than that in the first stage. The result of this research provides guidelines for selecting which scheduling system should be adopted. 相似文献
10.
This study deals with the problem of the production seat booking system. Like an airline or train booking system, customers' orders are assigned a production seat. Using the production seat booking system, inquiries about the delivery for individual orders can be answered quickly. The key issues in the production seat booking system are: (1) In which manufacturing environments are the production seat booking system appropriate and efficient? (2) How should the production seat be set? (3) How should orders be assigned a production seat? A production planning model is formulated for a production seat booking system with a combination of make-to-order and maketo-stock as production environment. Two kinds of variables are set as policy in the model: one is a variable for setting production capacity and the other a variable for assigning orders a production seat. By focusing on the characteristics of market demand, this paper clarifies the following points: (1) How do these policy variables affect the manufactuiring performance? (2) How does the buffer inventory for make-to-stock product affect the degree of the delivery date satisfaction for make-toorder products? (3) Within what range should the two policy variables be set in order to maintain the unfilled-rate of maketo-stock product under the specified level and the degree of delivery date satisfaction for make-to-order products over the specified level? This paper presents a basis for designing for a production seat booking system through a series of numerical experiments. 相似文献