《墨子》的修辞特点及其英译

《墨子》是先秦时期重要的思想典籍。在文学史上，《墨子》以其突出的逻辑性和语言质朴著称。拟对《墨子》的修辞特点及其英译进行初步比较分析，以期丰富《墨子》的翻译研究。     

四川省小城镇建设中的几个问题

从费孝通先生研究"小城镇、大问题"到江泽民总书记提出"小城镇、大战略",加强小城镇发展建设已成为党中央在新世纪推进中国城市化的重大决策之一.     

反腐败的国内立法问题研究

当前腐败问题的滋生蔓延,与法律规范真空太多、腐败分子有空子可钻有很大的关系。反腐败面临的重重困难,迫切需要有专门的反腐败法律和法律体系的支持。通过借鉴国外和中国古代的立法经验,从如何建立反腐败的法律体系、如何完善反腐败的法律条款等方面提出了一些见解。     

Challenging sexual violence against girls: A social awareness approach

Most strategies to prevent child sexual abuse rely on therapeutic work with abusers or direct work with children training them to recognize and resist molestation. However, many authors, activists and professionals in this field assert the need to challenge broader social attitudes towards sexuality and violence. In 1992 an attempt at such an intervention was employed by Edinburgh District Council in their “Zero Tolerance Campaign”. This was a public awareness campaign which aimed to increase people's understanding of the extent and nature of violence against women and girls and to emphasize that such crimes should not be tolerated. Through challenging misconceptions, encouraging public discussion and focusing on strategies to prevent such crimes, the campaign organizers hoped to transform the social climate which is conducive to the abuse of women at any age. This article explores public response to the Zero Tolerance Campaign and, in particular, focuses on reactions to the two advertisements which addressed the sexual abuse of girls.     

进化经济学的起源及其历史发展

进化经济学作为经济学分支之一,主要是运用生物学中的进化思维来分析经济变化及其原因等相关问题,其出现最早可追溯到一战以前,后经历史发展的最艰难时期,直到20世纪40年代以后才重新得以恢复研究。     

峨嵋岩白菜叶和根茎总黄酮含量测定

从峨嵋岩白菜叶和根茎中提取黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,采用分光光度法分别测定黄酮含量.结果表明,峨嵋岩白菜叶中黄酮含量为9.246 mg/g,平均回收率为98.33%,RSD为1.17%,根茎中黄酮含量为1.812 mg/g,平均回收率为95.79%,RSD为1.10%.     

Bootstrap Estimation of Benchmark Doses and Confidence Limits with Clustered Quantal Data

The benchmark dose (BMD) is an exposure level that would induce a small risk increase (BMR level) above the background. The BMD approach to deriving a reference dose for risk assessment of noncancer effects is advantageous in that the estimate of BMD is not restricted to experimental doses and utilizes most available dose-response information. To quantify statistical uncertainty of a BMD estimate, we often calculate and report its lower confidence limit (i.e., BMDL), and may even consider it as a more conservative alternative to BMD itself. Computation of BMDL may involve normal confidence limits to BMD in conjunction with the delta method. Therefore, factors, such as small sample size and nonlinearity in model parameters, can affect the performance of the delta method BMDL, and alternative methods are useful. In this article, we propose a bootstrap method to estimate BMDL utilizing a scheme that consists of a resampling of residuals after model fitting and a one-step formula for parameter estimation. We illustrate the method with clustered binary data from developmental toxicity experiments. Our analysis shows that with moderately elevated dose-response data, the distribution of BMD estimator tends to be left-skewed and bootstrap BMDL s are smaller than the delta method BMDL s on average, hence quantifying risk more conservatively. Statistically, the bootstrap BMDL quantifies the uncertainty of the true BMD more honestly than the delta method BMDL as its coverage probability is closer to the nominal level than that of delta method BMDL. We find that BMD and BMDL estimates are generally insensitive to model choices provided that the models fit the data comparably well near the region of BMD. Our analysis also suggests that, in the presence of a significant and moderately strong dose-response relationship, the developmental toxicity experiments under the standard protocol support dose-response assessment at 5% BMR for BMD and 95% confidence level for BMDL.