西方歌剧Leitmotif(主题)技巧的起源与发展

Leitmotif被广泛地运用在西方歌剧中并起着非常重要的作用。本文论述了leitmotif的起源与发展。早期Leitmotif它的特征是反复出现但是变化不多。后来韦伯发展了这一技巧。他不仅在leitmotif再现时增加了和声和节奏上的变化,而且还用leitmotif将歌剧各幕之间联系起来,起到了贯穿的作用。德国作曲家瓦格纳将leitmotif技巧的运用提到了最高的水平。瓦格纳创造性地将多个leitmotif交织在一起运用,形成一个大的音乐网。并用此网从始至终与剧情紧密配合,使其成为作品必不可少的主体。从而打破了歌剧原有的固定型式,为歌剧的发展写下了重要的一页。     

Assumptions of social mobility research in the U.S.: The case of occupational status

This paper examines the theoretical and empirical basis for common rank-orderings of occupational roles by raters throughout the world. From an illustrative comparison of occupational stratification in Australia and the United States we conclude tentatively that (1) commonalities in the socioeconomic characteristics of occupational roles provide the basis for interplace consistencies in “prestige” scores, (2) the structure of occupational mobility in the U.S. and Australia is largely similar, (3) this similar structure of occupational stratification manifests a common socioeconomic process which defines a (the?) major component of occupational mobility in capitalist, industrial (only?) societies. We infer that “prestige” scores for occupations are fallible estimates of the socioeconomic statuses of occupation, within the context of mobility processes in (at least) the U.S. and Australia.     

Two-stage U-statistics for Hypothesis Testing

Abstract.  A U -statistic is not easy to apply or cannot be applied in hypothesis testing when it is degenerate or has an indeterminate degeneracy under the null hypothesis. A class of two-stage U -statistics (TU-statistics) is proposed to remedy these drawbacks. Both the asymptotic distributions under the null and the alternative of TU-statistics are shown to have simple forms. When the degeneracy is indeterminate, the Pitman asymptotic relative efficiency of a TU-statistic dominates that of the incomplete U -statistics. If the kernel is degenerate under the null hypothesis but non-degenerate under the alternative, a TU-statistic is proved to be more powerful than its corresponding U -statistic. Applications to testing independence of paired angles in ecology and marine biology are given. Finally, a simulation study shows that a TU-statistic is more powerful than its corresponding incomplete U -statistic in almost all cases under two settings.     

Writing Experience: Does Ethnography Convey a Crisis of Representation,or an Ontological Break with the Everyday World?

L'auteur pose comme prémisse la «brisure ontologique», telle qu'imaginée par Alfred Schutz, qui sépare deux champs: le «monde des coassociés», dans lequel la réalité sociale est directement expérimentée en face à face avec le présent intense, et l'«univers des contemporanéités», dans lequel l'autre est représenté selon des «types». Il soutient que cette coupure constitue un véhicule incitant à présenter une méta‐exposition de revendications majeures problématisant l'autorité traditionnelle en ethnographie. À la lumière de cette brisure, les tentatives postmodernistes d'acquérir ou de conserver la compréhension ici et maintenant de la signification subjective, ou de la «voix» des ethnographies, ne forment que des impossibilités épistémologiques. L'auteur conclut que le privilège postmoderniste accordéà une «ethnographie naïve» insistant sur les processus «expérimentaux», «interprétatifs», «dialogiques» et «polyphoniques» ne peut remplir sa promesse sur le plan méthodologique, pas plus qu'il n'est adaptable à la brisure ontologique de Schutz sur le plan théorique. This paper is premised on the “ontological break” as coined by Alfred Schutz that disconnects two realms: the “world of consociates” where social reality is directly experienced face‐to‐face in the vivid present, and the “world of contemporaries” where the other is interpreted in terms of “types.” It is argued that this break is a suggestive vehicle for conducting a meta‐exposition of major claims which problematize the traditional authority of ethnography. In the light of the break, the postmodernist attempts to attain or retain the here‐and‐now understanding of subjective meaning, or “voice” in ethnographies are but epistemological impossibilities. It is concluded that the postmodernist privileging of a “naive ethnography” which emphasizes “experiential,”“interpretive,”“dialogical,” and “polyphonic” processes is neither able to deliver on its promise at the methodic level, nor amendable to Schutz's ontological break at the theoretical level.     

The Multiplicative Definition of Interaction

The theory of the multiplicative definition of second order interaction is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the correlations in the marginal two-dimensional distributions are found for the existence of a “perfect” set of probabilities. Some progress is reported on the proof of the uniqueness of the multiplicative set of probabilities for a given set of two-dimensional distributions. The multiplicative property of such sets is preserved under pooling of marginal sets only in trivial cases, and so the multiplicative definition cannot be said to be a straightforward generalization from the definition of no interaction in two-dimensional distributions.