Correction to: Language and imagined Gesellschaft: Émile Durkheim’s civil-linguistic nationalism and the consequences of universal human ideals

Theory and Society - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-021-09436-2     

日本的森林文化及其理想模式

森林是人类赖以生存的基础,而森林文化是人类共同的文化,也是人类文化的源泉。日本是一个森林大国,拥有丰富的森林文化。本文首先介绍了日本森林的概况,然后从森林文化的起源、概念、宗教、政策、功能、价值、技术、环境教育等几个方面概述了日本森林文化的研究动态以及成果,并且介绍了日本典型的森林文化。最后文章提出了日本式森林文化理想模式,分析了日本社会的森林文化现象与将来的发展趋势。本文对我国的森林文化研究、生态文明建设和社会主义新农村建设是有借鉴意义的。     

Language,ethnicity, and the nation-state: on Max Weber’s conception of “imagined linguistic community”

Methodological nationalism in sociological theory is unfit for the current globalized era, and should be discarded. In light of this contention, the present article discusses Max Weber’s view of language as a way to relativize the frame of the national society. While a “linguistic turn” in sociology since the 1960s has assumed that the sharing of language—linguistic community—stands as an intersubjective foundation for understanding of meaning, Weber saw linguistic community as constructed. From Weber’s rationalist, subjectivist, individualist viewpoint, linguistic community was a result of social actions, not a prior entity as assumed by German metaphysical organicism (and historicist holism). Indeed, Central Europe in Weber’s era was a battlefield of linguistic nationalism(s); in contrast to the national societies of the Cold War period, national borders were unstable and ultimately the multiethnic empires of the region were dismantled after World War I into ethnolinguistic nation-states. Experience of this contemporary reality brought Weber to the core of the relationship between language and politics: A language community is an imaginary one demarcated not by language itself but by conscious opposition against outsiders, with monolingual contexts within borders created artificially by homogenizing policies like linguistic standardization and national education—the first modernity of language. In this way, Weber felt, language can be a means to domination.     

Johansen cointegration rank tests under local alternative hypotheses when related drift or linear trend is not dependent upon sample size in VARs

Abstract

This paper discusses Johansen’s likelihood ratio tests to determine the cointegration rank under local alternative hypotheses in the vector autoregressive models (VARs) in which drift or linear trend related to the hypotheses is not dependent upon the sample size, and evaluates related asymptotic properties. We show that the test statistics diverge at the rate of the sample size even under one of local alternative hypotheses, owing to the existence of such a deterministic term. This implies that under our situations, the tests are far more powerful than those under the conventional local alternative hypotheses.     

Estimation of Benchmark Dose as the Threshold Amount of Alcohol Consumption for Blood Pressure in Japanese Workers

In order to determine the threshold amount of alcohol consumption for blood pressure, we calculated the benchmark dose (BMD) of alcohol consumption and its 95% lower confidence interval (BMDL) in Japanese workers. The subjects consisted of 4,383 males and 387 females in a Japanese steel company. The target variables were systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. The effects of other potential covariates such as age and body mass index were adjusted by including these covariates in the multiple linear regression models. In male workers, BMD/BMDL for alcohol consumption (g/week) at which the probability of an adverse response was estimated to increase by 5% relative to no alcohol consumption, were 396/315 (systolic blood pressure), 321/265 (diastolic blood pressure), and 326/269 (mean arterial pressures). These values were based on significant regression coefficients of alcohol consumption. In female workers, BMD/BMDL for alcohol consumption based on insignificant regression coefficients were 693/134 (systolic blood pressure), 199/90 (diastolic blood pressure), and 267/77 (mean arterial pressure). Therefore, BMDs/BMDLs in males were more informative than those in females as there was no significant relationship between alcohol and blood pressure in females. The threshold amount of alcohol consumption determined in this study provides valuable information for preventing alcohol-induced hypertension.     

朝鲜经济改革与市场化前景展望

朝鲜有些部门中非国家或计划外生产盛行,但这并不能说明市场化已从制度上确定下来。从这个意义上说,朝鲜经济既不是计划经济,也不是市场经济。朝鲜真正的市场化虽然尚未全面开始,但"市场化的底部"已经给最高领袖和朝鲜劳动党统一领导的朝鲜政府体制带来了离心力。考虑到朝鲜的产业结构,消费品稳定供应主要取决于农业生产,轻工业生产和进口增长。重工业的恢复和增长需要更多国内外投资。为促进经济健康发展,朝鲜应引入具有竞争力的市场导向政策。这既需要朝鲜自发的动机,同时也需要来自外部的支持。健康的经济状况是后金正日时代朝鲜政治管理能够保持相对稳定的重要因素。     

Benchmark Duration of Work Hours for Development of Fatigue Symptoms in Japanese Workers with Adjustment for Job‐Related Stress

The objective of this study was to calculate benchmark durations and lower 95% confidence limits for benchmark durations of working hours associated with subjective fatigue symptoms by applying the benchmark dose approach while adjusting for job‐related stress using multiple logistic regression analyses. A self‐administered questionnaire was completed by 3,069 male and 412 female daytime workers (age 18–67 years) in a Japanese steel company. The eight dependent variables in the Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index were decreased vitality, general fatigue, physical disorders, irritability, decreased willingness to work, anxiety, depressive feelings, and chronic tiredness. Independent variables were daily working hours, four subscales (job demand, job control, interpersonal relationship, and job suitability) of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire, and other potential covariates. Using significant parameters for working hours and those for other covariates, the benchmark durations of working hours were calculated for the corresponding Index property. Benchmark response was set at 5% or 10%. Assuming a condition of worst job stress, the benchmark duration/lower 95% confidence limit for benchmark duration of working hours per day with a benchmark response of 5% or 10% were 10.0/9.4 or 11.7/10.7 (irritability) and 9.2/8.9 or 10.4/9.8 (chronic tiredness) in men and 8.9/8.4 or 9.8/8.9 (chronic tiredness) in women. The threshold amounts of working hours for fatigue symptoms under the worst job‐related stress were very close to the standard daily working hours in Japan. The results strongly suggest that special attention should be paid to employees whose working hours exceed threshold amounts based on individual levels of job‐related stress.