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We report quantitative results from a large online survey of 5010 U.K. informants' reactions to 34 different accents of English, based on simple accent labels. Patterns of accent evaluation, in terms of adjudged levels of prestige, social attractiveness and some other variables, in many regards confirm broad findings from earlier research. Accent‐types associated with ‘standard’ speech are, for example, strongly favoured in the prestige and attractiveness dimensions. Several urban U.K. vernaculars, but not all, are systematically downgraded. On the other hand, robust differences emerge which have not been strongly evidenced previously – particularly differences according to informant gender (with females regularly producing more favourable evaluations) and region (with informants often favouring their own and linked varieties). There are also some important effects by informant age, for example with younger informants attributing less prestige to ‘standard’ accents. We interpret the findings as indicating rather persistent U.K. language‐ideologies around accent difference that are being reconstituted only gradually and in specific regards. 相似文献
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The paper has two parts. In the first part we offer a definition of well-being which makes life expectancy an explicit variable.
We recognize the importance of happiness as a significant aspect of any definition of well-being, but we side-step the issue
of what determines its level or how to measure it, and concentrate instead on the consequences of our new variable, life expectancy.
We argue that life is valued for its quality, and, if positive, its extension is an improvement of well-being. From this we
show how, given certain assumptions, disparate problems that have moral and/or social significance can be approached from
the perspective of improving well-being. We close the first part by showing that our definition has enough flexibility to
be used for that class of decisions which require tradeoffs between quality of life (happiness) and life expectancy. As a
corollary we show that attitudes toward risk depend on expectations, and on some occasions, age itself. In the second part
we argue, first, that real economic factors, not reducible to mere psychological ones, may still offer an adequate explanation
for the fact that absolute income and happiness do not always correlate well. However, we take no position on the many controversies,
such as whether it is relative or absolute increases in wealth that bears most directly on changes in happiness. We confirm
through statistical analysis (simple regressions) the well established influence that absolute income has on life expectancy,
and, hence, by inference and definition, we argue that this must also be the case with well-being. Secondly, we find through
statistical analysis that healthcare has as much impact on life expectancy as does absolute income, leading us to theoretically
examine the appropriate income cost for access to healthcare if life expectancy is to improve. And thirdly, by assuming a
homogeneous function of life expectancy, we theoretically show how a market oriented healthcare system can exacerbate inequities
in life expectancy, and so on well-being. Lastly, we consider some policy implications of those inequities. 相似文献
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Nikolas Coupland 《Journal of Sociolinguistics》2011,15(5):573-602
Earlier sociolinguistic studies have conceptualised popular song as a field of phonological variation where singers do or do not maintain features of their national or regional accents in singing. The present paper explores a wider agenda for the sociolinguistics of popular song, theorised as a diverse field of performance organised according to genre. Following initiatives in the sociology of popular music (particularly Simon Frith's research), voice is interpreted as the repertoire of meaning‐making options available to performers. Voice subsumes dialect indexicality, but also the management of singer identity and singer‐audience relations through the performance of lyrics, rhythmic and bodily modalities. Place is understood as the specific socio‐cultural contexts that are explicitly or implicitly voiced, including contexts of performance and reception. By performing within or against generically structured stylistic norms, performers construct and disseminate different vernacular values and identities. Live tracks from three different, broadly‐defined genres are considered in detail – classic rock and roll (Chuck Berry's Maybellene), folk/country (James Taylor's Copperline), and punk rock (the Sex Pistols’Johnny B. Goode). 相似文献
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Nikolas Pharris-Ciurej Charles Hirschman Joseph Willhoft 《Social science research》2012,41(3):709-730
Retrospective questions on educational attainment in national surveys and censuses tend to over-estimate high school graduation rates by 15-20% points relative to administrative records. Administrative data on educational enrollment are, however, only available at the aggregate level (state, school district, and school levels) and the recording of inter-school transfers are generally incomplete. With access to linked individual-level administrative records from a very large “West Coast metropolitan school district” we track patterns of high school attrition and on-time high school graduation of individual students. Even with adjustments for the omission of out-of-district transfers (estimates of omission are presented), the results of this study show that failure in high school, as indexed by retention and attrition, are almost as common as on-time high school graduation. In addition to the usual risk factors of disadvantaged background, we find that the “9th grade shock”—an unpredicted decline in academic performance upon entering high school—is a key mechanism behind the continuing crisis of high school attrition. 相似文献
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Nikolas Pharris-Ciurej Jerald R. HertingCharles Hirschman 《Social science research》2012,41(4):920-935
The Washington State Achiever (WSA) program was a large-scale educational intervention of scholarships, mentoring, and school redesign designed to encourage students from moderate and low income families to attend college in Washington State. Using a quasi-experimental design based on pre- and post-intervention surveys of high school seniors in program and non-program schools, we find a significant WSA effect on educational outcomes, net of the demographic and socioeconomic composition of students across schools. Across the three intervention high schools, the program is strongly significant in one school, significant after a lag in another school, and not significant in a third. We speculate about the potential reasons for the differential program effect across high schools. 相似文献
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Political power beyond the State: problematics of government 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
This paper sets out an approach to the analysis of political power in terms of problematics of government. It argues against an overvaluation of the 'problem of the State' in political debate and social theory. A number of conceptual tools are suggested for the analysis of the many and varied alliances between political and other authorities that seek to govern economic activity, social life and individual conduct. Modern political rationalities and governmental technologies are shown to be intrinsically linked to developments in knowledge and to the powers of expertise. The characteristics of liberal problematics of government are investigated, and it is argued that they are dependent upon technologies for 'governing at a distance', seeking to create locales, entities and persons able to operate a regulated autonomy. The analysis is exemplified through an investigation of welfarism as a mode of 'social' government. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of neo-liberalism which demonstrates that the analytical language structured by the philosophical opposition of state and civil society is unable to comprehend contemporary transformations in modes of exercise of political power. 1 相似文献
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Pedlowski Marcos A. Da Silva Victor Andrade Carneiro Adell Janie Jasmim Corabi Heynen Nikolas C. 《Urban Ecosystems》2002,6(1-2):9-20
Social and spatial inequality regarding environmental resources and services is one of most complex issues affecting contemporary urban life. The objective of this research is to study the spatial distribution of trees in public areas in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This research presents data gathered in ten neighborhoods in Campos. These neighborhoods were split into three distinct groups using wealth levels. Data obtained include the number of trees and private gardens and tree species diversity per neighborhood street. Our results demonstrate that the wealthier neighborhoods have both the highest tree biodiversity and number of trees. In contrast, the poorer neighborhoods present a low biodiversity level and fewer tree species. Our results also showed that age of the neighborhoods was not a factor in explaining the number of trees in public spaces. Socioeconomic and education levels of the population seem to play a more causal on tree quantity and species diversity. This inequality stresses a problem with environmental justice, a characteristic of Brazilian cities intrinsically connected to urban sustainability. 相似文献