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1.
From the inception of the proportional representation movement it has been an issue whether larger parties are favored at
the expense of smaller parties in one apportionment of seats as compared to another apportionment. A number of methods have
been proposed and are used in countries with a proportional representation system. These apportionment methods exhibit a regularity
of order, as discussed in the present paper, that captures the preferential treatment of larger versus smaller parties. This
order, namely majorization, permits the comparison of seat allocations in two apportionments. For divisor methods, we show
that one method is majorized by another method if and only if their signpost ratios are increasing. This criterion is satisfied
for the divisor methods with power-mean rounding, and for the divisor methods with stationary rounding. Majorization places
the five traditional apportionment methods in the order as they are known to favor larger parties over smaller parties: Adams,
Dean, Hill, Webster, and Jefferson.
Received: 5 August 2000/Accepted: 24 October 2001 相似文献
2.
Multi-valued strategy-proof social choice rules 总被引:10,自引:4,他引:6
In this paper we introduce a new definition of strategy-proofness for multi-valued social choice correspondences. We prove
two Gibbard-Satterthwaite type results for strategy-proof social choice correspondences. These results show that allowing
multiple outcomes as social choices will not necessarily lead to an escape from the Gibbard-Satterthwaite impossibility theorem.
Received: 24 January 2001/Accepted: 19 March 2001 相似文献
3.
Uta Gerhardt 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):5-39
This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The
perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American
and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from
the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists
of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches
were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches
led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating
Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was
over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify
how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times,
were embedded in twentieth-century history. 相似文献
4.
In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called
” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors
examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging
in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and
economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs
all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help
may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject
to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court
decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws
but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are
not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers
may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees
who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations.
Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their
economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations.
Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’
and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors
with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments. 相似文献
5.
6.
周兴维 《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2002,(12)
由美国国家利益及其全球战略决定 ,美国卵翼下的的“台独” ,将是 2 1世纪中国的心腹大患 ,“台湾问题”将成为对中国国家意志的最大考验 相似文献
7.
Astrid Orthey 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2005,36(1):23-32
How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example. 相似文献
8.
9.
王娴 《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2002,23(11):226-228
公共关系学是一门诞生于 2 0世纪的新兴综合学科 ,主要研究传播与组织形象塑造之间的互动关系 ,具有很强的实用性。在我国 ,该学科建设尚处于起步阶段 ,在理论体系设置和专业性研究方面都有许多问题需要解决。本文认为 ,2 1世纪的中国公关学危机与机遇并存 ,危机体现在缺乏理论创新 ;机遇体现在本土化 相似文献
10.
对外承包电力工程的法律规则 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
周凤翱 《华北电力大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,(3):54-56,60
对外承包电力工程是我国电力企业对外开展国际经济合作的重要方式 ,属于国际服务贸易的范畴。这种国际经济合作方式不仅受承包商所属国和工程项目所在国 (东道国 )的合同法、建筑法以及相关的国际惯例的调整 ,而且直接受世界贸易组织法的调整。在我国 ,目前调整对外承包电力工程法律关系的除合同法、招标投标法、建筑法等基本法律外 ,还有行政法规和企业内部规章。 相似文献