The Role of Operations Management Across the Entrepreneurial Value Chain

This special issue contains articles that exemplify the role of operations management across the entrepreneurial value chain. This value chain encompasses all stages of the entrepreneurial phenomenon, including technology commercialization, where discovery, commitment, organization, and growth must take place. We report on a literature search that identifies research questions categorized with respect to topics crucial to operations management scholars and classify these questions under each stage of this value chain. The search guides the development of an evolutionary path for the use of resources, routines, and reputation (3Rs), often lacking in this process, and enables us to propose modeling and topical gaps in the literature. We offer a framework to set up exemplars for operational tradeoffs uniquely associated with the entrepreneurial value chain. We also articulate how five contributed articles in this issue tackle some of these tradeoffs, prior to introducing four perspective pieces. We hope this discussion motivates follow‐on work and triggers a significant increase in the flow of articles that make it to both entrepreneurship and operations management top‐tier academic and practitioner publications.     

A network algorithm for the exact treatment of the 2×k contingency table

A common statistical problem encountered in biomedical research is to test the hypothesis that the parameters of k binomial populations are all equal. An exact test of significance of this hypothesis is possible in principle, the appropriate null distribution being a normalized product of k binomial coefficients. However, the problem of computing the tail area of this distribution can be formidable since it requires the enumeration of all sets of k binomial coefficients whose product is less than a given constant. Existing algorithms, all of which rely on explicit enumeration to generate feasible binomial coefficients     

The Impacts of Alliance Purpose and Partner Similarity on Alliance Governance

It is generally recognized that the governance structure of an alliance has an impact on its probability of success. In this study, we examine the choice between two alternative alliance governance structures: equity and non-equity. Drawing from transaction cost economics, two sets of factors, namely alliance purpose (R&D or marketing) and cultural distance between partners, are hypothesized to influence the above choice. We further hypothesize that collaborative R&D alliances, where both parties contribute technical knowledge, are more likely to lead to the formation of equity alliances than non-collaborative research agreements, where only one partner may be doing the research work. Based on a sample of 2407 alliances formed in the global biotechnology industry, we find partial support for the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, we find that collaborative R&D alliances are more likely to be equity alliances, whereas non-collaborative R&D alliances do not have any impact on the choice of the governance form. We also find that alliances formed with a marketing purpose are less likely to be equity alliances. We did not find any relationship between cultural distance and the choice of equity alliances.     

Survival during a Crisis: Alliances by Singapore Firms

In this study, we focus on the under‐researched issue of how environmental shocks impact alliance survival. We draw from several different theoretical perspectives such as industrial organization economics, managerial theories of the firm (such as agency theory) and institutional theories. We argue that the relationship between the occurrence of environmental shock and alliance survival is a contingent one. Specifically, we hypothesize that the following types of alliances will exhibit better likelihood of survival: alliances that yield a balance of short‐term and long‐term benefits (scale alliances) rather than purely long‐term benefits (link alliances); alliances that lead to either cost reduction or near‐term improvement in revenue realization (marketing alliances); and alliances that bring together partners from different economic regions (those involving Western and Asian partners). Based on an analysis of 348 alliances formed by Singapore firms, we find that marketing alliances and those involving at least one Western partner indeed exhibit a better likelihood of survival during the Asian economic crisis. We conclude that alliances that can enhance revenue potential in the short‐term are more robust to environmental shocks and that alliances can benefit from an effect similar to risk reduction through international diversification.     

Epilepsy in older women

Women suffering from epilepsy require special attention throughout their life. In this review, management of epilepsy during the periods of perimenopause, menopause and late maturity is discussed. The effect of epilepsy on age at menopause, changes in seizure frequency during perimenopause and menopause, and the risks of hormone replacement therapy are also presented. Altered antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics with increasing age and the management of this vulnerable population is also discussed.     

Stochastic comparisons of multivariate frailty models

A multivariate frailty model in which survival function depends on baseline distributions of components and the frailty random variable is considered. Since misspecification in choice of frailty distribution and/or baseline distribution may affect the distribution of multivariate frailty model, using theory of stochastic orders, we compare multivariate frailty models arising from different choices of frailty distribution.